This review describes a brief history of the discovery and studies in Russia and associated countries of the main stress protein (Hsp70) that plays important roles both in the normal function of the cell and body as well as under various stressful stimuli. Research on this protein at the Institute of Molecular Biology (Moscow) began with the elucidation of its adaptive functions at the cellular level and at the level of the whole organism. These studies examined the function of Hsp70 under normal and extreme conditions using a wide range of model and non-model animal species, from Leishmania and Drosophila to camels and humans. These analyses made it possible to elucidate the primary regulations in the evolution and function of heat shock (HS) genes in the studied organisms. Next, we studied the structure and characteristic features of heat shock genes and proteins in species with contrasting habitat temperatures. The systems of Hsp70 expression and isolation we developed using various research objects allowed us to proceed to study the protective properties of human recombinant Hsp70 in normal-aging animal models as well as animal models experiencing sepsis, Alzheimer’s disease, and stroke. The results obtained open the prospects of using recombinant Hsp70 for the treatment of various neuropathologies in humans. This review describes the logic and history of investigation of Hsp70 performed by one group of scientists from Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences. It was not the goal of this paper to give a comprehensive general picture of other similar studies carried out in Russia during this period.

这篇综述介绍了在俄罗斯和相关国家发现和研究主要应激蛋白 (Hsp70) 的简史，该蛋白在细胞和身体的正常功能以及各种应激刺激下都发挥着重要作用。分子生物学研究所（莫斯科）对这种蛋白质的研究始于在细胞水平和整个生物体水平上阐明其适应性功能。这些研究使用来自利什曼原虫和果蝇的多种模型和非模型动物物种在正常和极端条件下检查了 Hsp70 的功能骆驼和人类。这些分析使得阐明研究生物体中热休克 (HS) 基因进化和功能的主要规律成为可能。接下来，我们研究了具有不同栖息地温度的物种中热休克基因和蛋白质的结构和特征。我们使用各种研究对象开发的 Hsp70 表达和分离系统使我们能够继续研究人类重组 Hsp70 在正常衰老动物模型以及患有败血症、阿尔茨海默病和中风的动物模型中的保护特性。获得的结果开启了使用重组 Hsp70 治疗人类各种神经病理学的前景。这篇综述描述了俄罗斯科学院恩格尔哈特分子生物学研究所的一组科学家对 Hsp70 进行研究的逻辑和历史。本文的目的不是全面介绍这一时期在俄罗斯进行的其他类似研究。