Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is a globally invasive plant with significant negative impacts on the environment, agriculture, economy, and health. This invasion problem is likely to be exacerbated by climate change. Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO₂]), high ambient temperatures, heatwaves, and droughts will facilitate the establishment, range expansion, and interference potential of this invasive species while making its management more difficult. Here, for the first time, we review the potential impact of climate change elements on parthenium weed biology and management at regional and global levels. We establish that (1) parthenium weed plants morphologically and physiologically adapt to sustain or promote their growth, fecundity, competitive ability, and allelopathic effect under most climate change scenarios; (2) climate change elements can reduce the relative vigor of neighboring plants, especially C4 grasses, in competition with parthenium weed, providing this invasive species a competitive edge; (3) elevated [CO₂] has the most pronounced positive effect on parthenium weed performance compared to other climate change elements; (4) the efficacy of a widely used herbicide, glyphosate, may be reduced on parthenium weed grown under elevated [CO₂]; (5) mixed effects have been reported for biological control agents, with some losing ground, while others are maintaining or improving their efficacy; and (6) a greater risk of spread and range expansion under sustained climate change will pose greater challenges for management in natural and managed ecosystems. There has been a disturbing transition of this weed from noncropped landscapes to agroecosystems in response to recent climatic and land use changes. All evidence presented in this review suggests that the situation will be greatly aggravated if drastic management interventions are not implemented. Therefore, the research, policy, and outreach focus must be revisited and revamped considering the impacts of climate change to develop pragmatic solutions to combat this “superweed”.

Parthenium 杂草 ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.) 是一种全球入侵植物，对环境、农业、经济和健康产生重大负面影响。气候变化可能会加剧这种入侵问题。大气中二氧化碳浓度升高（[CO ₂])，高环境温度、热浪和干旱将促进这种入侵物种的建立、范围扩展和干扰潜力，同时使其管理更加困难。在这里，我们第一次回顾了气候变化因素对区域和全球层面的百合草生物学和管理的潜在影响。我们确定 (1) 在大多数气候变化情景下，百合草植物在形态和生理上适应维持或促进其生长、繁殖力、竞争能力和化感作用；(2) 气候变化因素会降低邻近植物，尤其是C4草与百合草竞争的相对活力，为这种入侵物种提供竞争优势；(3) 升高 [CO ₂] 与其他气候变化因素相比，对白蓼杂草的性能产生最显着的积极影响；(4) 一种广泛使用的除草剂草甘膦的功效可能会降低在高 [CO ₂]; (5) 生物防治剂的效果参差不齐，有的失势，有的保持或提高了药效；(6) 在持续的气候变化下传播和范围扩大的更大风险将对自然和受管理生态系统的管理构成更大的挑战。为了应对最近的气候和土地利用变化，这种杂草从非种植景观向农业生态系统发生了令人不安的转变。本综述中提供的所有证据表明，如果不实施严厉的管理干预，情况将大大恶化。因此，考虑到气候变化的影响，必须重新审视和修改研究、政策和外展重点，以制定务实的解决方案来对抗这种“超级杂草”。