The advent of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has transformed the treatment paradigm for bladder cancer. However, despite the success of ICI in other tumour types, the majority of ICI-treated patients with bladder cancer failed to respond. The lack of efficacy in some patients could be attributed to a paucity of pre-existing immune reactive cells within the tumour immune microenvironment, which limits the beneficial effects of ICI. In this setting, strategies to attract lymphocytes before implementation of ICI could be helpful. Oncolytic virotherapy is thought to induce the release of damage-associated molecular patterns, eliciting a pro-inflammatory cytokine cascade and stimulating the activation of the innate immune system. Concurrently, oncolytic virotherapy-induced oncolysis leads to further release of neoantigens and subsequent epitope spreading, culminating in a robust, tumour-specific adaptive immune response. Combination therapy using oncolytic virotherapy with ICI has proven successful in a number of preclinical studies and is beginning to enter clinical trials for the treatment of both non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancer. In this context, understanding of the mechanisms underpinning oncolytic virotherapy and its potential synergism with ICI will enable clinicians to effectively deploy oncolytic virotherapy, either as monotherapy or as combination therapy in the different clinical stages of bladder cancer.

免疫检查点抑制 (ICI) 的出现改变了膀胱癌的治疗模式。然而，尽管 ICI 在其他肿瘤类型中取得了成功，但大多数接受 ICI 治疗的膀胱癌患者都没有反应。一些患者缺乏疗效可归因于肿瘤免疫微环境中预先存在的免疫反应细胞的缺乏，这限制了 ICI 的有益作用。在这种情况下，在实施 ICI 之前吸引淋巴细胞的策略可能会有所帮助。溶瘤病毒疗法被认为可以诱导损伤相关分子模式的释放，引发促炎细胞因子级联反应并刺激先天免疫系统的激活。同时，溶瘤病毒疗法诱导的溶瘤作用导致新抗原的进一步释放和随后的表位扩散，最终导致强大的肿瘤特异性适应性免疫反应。使用溶瘤病毒疗法和 ICI 的联合疗法已在许多临床前研究中证明是成功的，并且开始进入治疗非肌肉浸润性和肌肉浸润性膀胱癌的临床试验。在这种情况下，了解支持溶瘤病毒疗法的机制及其与 ICI 的潜在协同作用将使临床医生能够有效地部署溶瘤病毒疗法，无论是作为单一疗法还是作为膀胱癌不同临床阶段的联合疗法。使用溶瘤病毒疗法和 ICI 的联合疗法已在许多临床前研究中证明是成功的，并且开始进入治疗非肌肉浸润性和肌肉浸润性膀胱癌的临床试验。在这种情况下，了解支持溶瘤病毒疗法的机制及其与 ICI 的潜在协同作用将使临床医生能够有效地部署溶瘤病毒疗法，无论是作为单一疗法还是作为膀胱癌不同临床阶段的联合疗法。使用溶瘤病毒疗法和 ICI 的联合疗法已在许多临床前研究中证明是成功的，并且开始进入治疗非肌肉浸润性和肌肉浸润性膀胱癌的临床试验。在这种情况下，了解支持溶瘤病毒疗法的机制及其与 ICI 的潜在协同作用将使临床医生能够有效地部署溶瘤病毒疗法，无论是作为单一疗法还是作为膀胱癌不同临床阶段的联合疗法。