Parity mode (oviparity/viviparity) importantly affects the ecology, morphology, physiology, biogeography and evolution of organisms. The main hypotheses explaining the evolution and maintenance of viviparity are based on bioclimatic predictions and also state that the benefits of viviparity arise during the reproductive period. We identify the main climatic variables discriminating between viviparous and oviparous Eurasian common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) occurrence records during the reproductive period and over the entire year. Analyses based on the climates during the reproductive period show that viviparous clades inhabit sites with less variable temperature and precipitation. On the contrary, analyses based on the annual climates show that viviparous clades inhabit sites with more variable temperatures. Results from models using climates during reproduction are in line with the “selfish-mother hypothesis”, which can explain the success of viviparity, the maintenance of the two reproductive modes, and why viviparous individuals cannot colonize sites inhabited by oviparous ones (and vice versa). They suggest that during the reproductive period viviparity has an adaptive advantage over oviparity in less risky habitats thanks to the selfish behaviour of the mothers. Moreover, the results from both analyses stress that hypotheses about the evolution and maintenance of viviparity need to be tested during the reproductive period.

中文翻译：

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具有不同胎次模式的胎生动物进化枝之间的气候生态位差异：对胎生进化和维持的影响

胎次模式（oviparity/viviparity）对生物的生态、形态、生理、生物地理学和进化有重要影响。解释胎生进化和维持的主要假设是基于生物气候预测，并指出胎生的好处出现在生殖期。我们确定了在生殖期和全年中区分胎生和卵生欧亚普通蜥蜴（Zootoca vivipara）发生记录的主要气候变量。基于繁殖期气候的分析表明，胎生进化枝栖息在温度和降水变化较小的地方。相反，基于年度气候的分析表明，胎生进化枝栖息在温度变化更大的地点。在繁殖过程中使用气候模型的结果符合“自私母亲假说”，这可以解释胎生的成功，两种繁殖模式的维持，以及为什么胎生个体不能在卵生个体居住的地方定居（反之亦然） ）。他们认为，由于母亲的自私行为，在繁殖期，胎生在风险较小的栖息地比卵生具有适应性优势。此外，这两项分析的结果都强调，需要在生殖期间检验关于胎生进化和维持的假设。以及为什么胎生个体不能在卵生个体居住的地方定居（反之亦然）。他们认为，由于母亲的自私行为，在繁殖期，胎生在风险较小的栖息地比卵生具有适应性优势。此外，这两项分析的结果都强调，需要在生殖期间检验关于胎生进化和维持的假设。以及为什么胎生个体不能在卵生个体居住的地方定居（反之亦然）。他们认为，由于母亲的自私行为，在繁殖期，胎生在风险较小的栖息地比卵生具有适应性优势。此外，这两项分析的结果都强调，需要在生殖期间检验关于胎生进化和维持的假设。