The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium, is an important quarantine pest of stored-products. While it is not established in the North America, frequent interceptions highlight the need for treatments to eradicate isolated populations if they occur. Methyl bromide has long been the standard fumigant used for this purpose; however, increasing restrictions on its use necessitate the development of new treatment options. Here we evaluate a treatment for khapra beetle using a combination of sulfuryl fluoride (SF) and propylene oxide (PPO). Experiments were conducted to determine the most tolerant stages and the effective rates for each compound. Combination treatments using both products were then evaluated at several temperatures to determine effective doses for quarantine level control. The egg stage was by far the most tolerant to SF, requiring concentration × time (CT) products roughly 10-fold greater than the next most tolerant stage, diapausing larvae. Diapausing larvae were significantly more tolerant to SF than non-diapausing larvae in a recently collected ‘field’ strain, but not in a more than 30-yr-old ‘laboratory’ culture. PPO treatments were shown to completely control the egg stage at CTs greater than 155 hr-mgL-1 at both 10 and 20°C. Resulting combination treatments with initial dose rates of 96 and 40 mgL-1 at 10°C and 80 and 40 mgL-1 at 20°C are proposed for SF and PPO, respectively. These combination treatments utilize SF’s efficacy against the larval stage along with PPO’s superior ovicidal properties to provide enhanced treatment efficacy over each product alone against all life stages of khapra beetle.

中文翻译：

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硫酰氟和环氧丙烷联合治疗谷斑皮蠹（鞘翅目：皮蚊科）

哈普拉甲虫（Trogoderma granarium）是一种重要的贮藏检疫性害虫。虽然它没有在北美建立，但频繁的拦截强调了在发生孤立人群时需要治疗来根除孤立人群。长期以来，溴甲烷一直是用于此目的的标准熏蒸剂。然而，对其使用的限制越来越多，需要开发新的治疗方案。在这里，我们评估了使用硫酰氟 (SF) 和环氧丙烷 (PPO) 的组合对 khapra 甲虫的治疗。进行实验以确定每种化合物的最耐受阶段和有效率。然后在几个温度下评估使用这两种产品的组合处理，以确定检疫水平控制的有效剂量。到目前为止，鸡蛋阶段对SF最耐受，需要浓度 × 时间 (CT) 乘积大约是下一个最耐受阶段（滞育幼虫）的 10 倍。在最近收集的“田间”菌株中，滞育幼虫对 SF 的耐受性明显高于非滞育幼虫，但在 30 岁以上的“实验室”培养物中则不然。PPO 处理显示在 10 和 20°C 下 CT 大于 155 hr-mgL-1 时完全控制卵子阶段。分别为 SF 和 PPO 提出了在 10°C 时初始剂量率为 96 和 40 mgL-1 以及在 20°C 时初始剂量率为 80 和 40 mgL-1 的联合治疗。这些组合治疗利用 SF 对幼虫阶段的功效以及 PPO 卓越的杀卵特性，以提供比每种产品单独针对 khapra 甲虫所有生命阶段的增强治疗功效。