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Insights into the prevalence and impacts of Phthalate esters in aquatic ecosystems
Frontiers in Environmental Science ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-28 , DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2021.684190
N. D. Baloyi , M. Tekere , K. W. Maphangwa , V. Masindi

Phthalate esters (PEs) are by far the most produced, and extensively used synthetic organic chemicals with notable applications in many industrial products such as vinyl upholstery, adhesives, food containers, packaging materials, inks, adhesives, cosmetics, paints, pharmaceuticals munitions, and insecticides among other. PEs have long been recognised as ubiquitous organic pollutants of prime environmental concern, with urbanisation amongst the main cause and source of these compounds. Due to their notoriety, these compounds are known to pose devastating effects to living organisms including humans. The presence of PEs and their metabolites in the aquatic ecosystems is of concern primarily due to their endocrine disrupting and carcinogenicity properties. Several research studies have reported prevalence, exposure pathways, toxicity, and impacts of PEs in aquatic ecosystems and humans. Their principal routes of exposure could be direct or indirect, of which, the direct route include contact, eating, and drinking contaminated foods, and the indirect route constitute aerosols, leaching and other forms of environmental contamination. PEs find way into water systems through means such as effluent discharges, urban and agricultural land runoff, leaching from waste dumps, and other diffuse sources.. High-end instrumentation and improved methodologies on the other hand have resulted in increased ability to measure trace levels (μg/L) of PEs and their metabolites in different matrices and ecological compartments of water or aquatic ecosystems lakes, oceans, rivers, sediments, wetlands and drinking water samples. In light of the above, this article provides an informed overview of the prevalence of phthalate esters in aquatic systems and related effects on living organisms and humans. Furthermore, techniques which are commonly used for the extraction and analysis of these PEs are also explained. Future research outlooks and needs are also highlighted in this manuscript. This information will be used to better understand their temporal and spatial distributions in the aquatic systems and aid in devising prudent means to curtail their ecological footprints.

中文翻译:

深入了解邻苯二甲酸酯在水生生态系统中的普遍性和影响

邻苯二甲酸酯 (PE) 是迄今为止产量最大、使用最广泛的合成有机化学品,在许多工业产品中有着显着的应用,例如乙烯基内饰、粘合剂、食品容器、包装材料、油墨、粘合剂、化妆品、油漆、药品弹药和杀虫剂等。长期以来,PE 一直被认为是普遍存在的主要环境问题的有机污染物,城市化是这些化合物的主要原因和来源。由于它们的恶名,已知这些化合物会对包括人类在内的生物体造成破坏性影响。水生生态系统中 PE 及其代谢物的存在主要是由于它们的内分泌干扰和致癌特性而受到关注。几项研究报告了流行率、接触途径、毒性、PEs 对水生生态系统和人类的影响。他们的主要接触途径可以是直接或间接的,其中直接途径包括接触、进食和饮用受污染的食物,间接途径包括气溶胶、浸出和其他形式的环境污染。PE 通过污水排放、城市和农业土地径流、垃圾场浸出和其他扩散源等方式进入水系统。 另一方面,高端仪器和改进的方法提高了测量痕量水平的能力(μg/L) PEs 及其代谢物在水或水生生态系统湖泊、海洋、河流、沉积物、湿地和饮用水样品的不同基质和生态区室中。综上所述,本文提供了关于邻苯二甲酸酯在水生系统中的普遍存在以及对生物体和人类的相关影响的知情概述。此外,还解释了通常用于提取和分析这些 PE 的技术。本手稿还强调了未来的研究前景和需求。这些信息将用于更好地了解它们在水生系统中的时间和空间分布,并有助于制定谨慎的方法来减少它们的生态足迹。
更新日期:2021-06-28
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