Polyrhodanines have been broadly utilized in diverse fields due to their attractive features. The effect of polyrhodanine- (PR-) based materials on human cells can be considered a controversial matter, while many contradictions exist. In this study, we focused on the synthesis of polyrhodanine/Fe₃O₄ modified by graphene oxide and the effect of kombucha (Ko) supernatant on results. The general structure of synthetic compounds was determined in detail through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Also, obtained compounds were morphologically, magnetically, and chemically characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The antibacterial effects of all synthesized nanomaterials were done according to CLSI against four infamous pathogens. Also, the cytotoxic effects of the synthesized compounds on the human liver cancer cell line (Hep-G2) were assessed by MTT assay. Our results showed that Go/Fe has the highest average inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and this compound possesses the least antimicrobial effect on Staphylococcus aureus. Considering the viability percent of cells in the PR/GO/Fe₃O₄ compound and comparing it with GO/Fe₃O₄, it can be understood that the toxic effects of polyrhodanine can diminish the metabolic activity of cells at higher concentrations (mostly more than 50 µg/mL), and PR/Fe₃O₄/Ko exhibited some promotive effects on cell growth, which enhanced the viability percent to more than 100%. Similarly, the cell viability percent of PR/GO/Fe₃O₄/KO compared to PR/GO/Fe₃O₄ is much higher, which can be attributed to the presence of kombucha in the compound. Consequently, based on the results, it can be concluded that this novel polyrhodanine-based nanocompound can act as drug carriers due to their low toxic effects and may open a new window on the antibacterial agents.

中文翻译：

---

用于抗癌和抗菌应用的微生物上清液中聚罗丹宁稳定的 Fe3O4/氧化石墨烯的生物无机合成

由于其吸引人的特性，聚罗丹宁已被广泛应用于各个领域。基于聚罗丹宁（PR-）的材料对人体细胞的影响可以被认为是一个有争议的问题，同时存在许多矛盾。在本研究中，我们专注于合成聚罗丹宁/Fe ₃ O ₄氧化石墨烯修饰和康普茶 (Ko) 上清液对结果的影响。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FT-IR) 详细确定了合成化合物的一般结构。此外，使用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 和振动样品磁强计 (VSM)、能量色散 X 射线 (EDX) 分析对获得的化合物进行形态学、磁性和化学表征。所有合成的纳米材料的抗菌作用都是根据 CLSI 对四种臭名昭著的病原体进行的。此外，合成化合物对人肝癌细胞系 (Hep-G2) 的细胞毒性作用通过 MTT 测定进行评估。我们的结果表明，Go/Fe 对大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的平均抑制作用最高, 该化合物对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌作用最小。考虑PR/GO/Fe ₃ O ₄化合物中细胞的存活率，并将其与GO/Fe ₃ O ₄进行比较，可以理解聚罗丹宁的毒性作用可以降低细胞在较高浓度（主要是超过 50  µ g/mL)，PR/Fe ₃ O ₄ /Ko 对细胞生长表现出一些促进作用，将细胞活力提高到 100% 以上。类似地，PR/GO/Fe ₃ O ₄ /KO 与 PR/GO/Fe ₃ O的细胞活力百分比₄高得多，这可归因于化合物中存在康普茶。因此，基于结果，可以得出结论，这种新型的基于聚罗丹宁的纳米化合物由于其低毒作用可以作为药物载体，并可能为抗菌剂打开新的窗口。