Composites or hybrid materials offer diverse properties not achievable in pure materials. Here we critically review the interesting and controllable fluorescence and photothermal properties of diverse hybrid materials containing up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). These hybrids couple plasmons, photonic crystals, bio-surfaces, and two dimensional (2D) materials to the UCNPs, offering optical non-linearity, and enable effective photo-electro-thermal control leading to new light and heat driven applications. Among the light driven applications, coupling of UCNPs with graphene and molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) enables photodetectors with better photoresponse, and broader spectral range not accessible to individual components. Irradiated MoS₂ coupled-UCNPs is a new paradigm in resistive random access memory devices. Conjugation of graphene and perovskites, with the UCNPs, have led to novel optical limiting phenomenon and better solar cells. Examples of new opportunities offered by UCNPs in heat driven applications are photothermal water desalination using solar daylight and photothermal disintegration of fat droplets in obesity treatment. Phonons, manifesting as heat, can also be utilized to enhance fluorescence and translate to high sensitivity nanothermometers. This review covers fundamentals, and applications of the new UCNP-enabled class of hybrid materials in energy harnessing, light sources and detectors, memory devices, nanothermometers, desalination, intracellular pH sensing, and cancer theranostics.

复合材料或混合材料提供了纯材料无法实现的多种特性。在这里，我们批判性地回顾了包含上转换纳米粒子 (UCNP) 的各种混合材料的有趣且可控的荧光和光热特性。这些混合体将等离子体、光子晶体、生物表面和二维 (2D) 材料耦合到 UCNP，提供光学非线性，并实现有效的光电热控制，从而带来新的光和热驱动应用。在光驱动应用中，UCNPs 与石墨烯和二硫化钼 (MoS ₂ ) 的耦合使光电探测器具有更好的光响应和更宽的光谱范围，单个组件无法访问。辐照的MoS ₂耦合 UCNP 是电阻式随机存取存储器件的新范例。石墨烯和钙钛矿与 UCNP 的共轭导致了新的光学限制现象和更好的太阳能电池。UCNP 在热驱动应用中提供的新机会的例子是使用太阳光的光热水淡化和肥胖治疗中脂肪滴的光热分解。声子，表现为热量，也可用于增强荧光并转化为高灵敏度纳米温度计。本综述涵盖了新型 UCNP 型混合材料在能量利用、光源和探测器、存储设备、纳米温度计、海水淡化、细胞内 pH 传感和癌症治疗诊断方面的基础知识和应用。