The Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi) and Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) are two honeycreepers endemic to Kauai, Hawaii, that were listed as federally endangered in 2010. Both species are rare, little-studied, and occur in a remote, roadless area. We analyzed high-resolution airborne lidar data to identify forest structure and topography metrics associated with Akikiki and Akekee nest locations (88 for Akikiki and 22 for Akekee) and occurrences (3706 for Akikiki and 1581 for Akekee) from 2012 to 2017 on the Alakai Plateau to predict their distribution in unsurveyed areas. Akikiki and Akekee nested in areas with similar forest structure at 10 m resolution, but different maximum tree heights. Akikiki and Akekee foraged in areas with significantly different forest structure (maximum tree height, mean canopy height, relative heights) and topography (slope) based on occurrences. Elevation was consistently one of the most important metrics for predicting both species nest locations and occurrences across scales (10, 100, 250 m) and it appears that both species are at the upper limits of their elevational range. We estimate that the area of suitable nesting habitat for Akikiki is 17.59 km² while the area of suitable nesting habitat for Akekee is 11.10 km² at 10 m resolution. The Akikiki has a potential range of 38 km² while the Akekee has a range of 58 km² at 100 m resolution. We produce predictive nest and occurrence maps at 10 m and 100 m resolutions to spatially target conservation actions. Results suggest that if avian malaria cannot be controlled and both species populations do not stabilize over the coming years, translocation may be needed to insure their viability.

中文翻译：

---

激光雷达在夏威夷考艾岛濒危鸟类保护中的应用

Akikiki ( Oreomystis bairdi ) 和 Akekee ( Loxops caeruleirostris) 是夏威夷考艾岛特有的两种蜜饯，它们在 2010 年被列为联邦濒危物种。这两种物种都很稀有，研究很少，并且出现在偏远、无路的地区。我们分析了高分辨率机载激光雷达数据，以确定 2012 年至 2017 年在阿拉凯高原上与 Akikiki 和 Akekee 巢穴位置（Akikiki 88 个，Akekee 22 个）和事件（Akikiki 3706 个，Akekee 1581 个）相关的森林结构和地形指标预测它们在未调查区域的分布。Akikiki 和 Akekee 在 10 m 分辨率下嵌套在具有相似森林结构的区域，但最大树高不同。Akikiki 和 Akekee 在森林结构（最大树高、平均冠层高度、相对高度）和地形（坡度）显着不同的地区觅食。高程一直是预测两个物种巢穴位置和跨尺度（10、100、250 m）出现的最重要指标之一，而且这两个物种似乎都处于其海拔范围的上限。我们估计 Akikiki 适宜筑巢栖息地的面积为 17.59 平方公里²而适合 Akekee 筑巢栖息地的面积在 10 m 分辨率下为 11.10 km ²。Akikiki 的潜在射程为 38 km ²而 Akekee在 100 m 分辨率下的射程为 58 km ²。我们制作了 10 m 和 100 m 分辨率的预测巢穴和发生地图，以在空间上定位保护行动。结果表明，如果无法控制禽疟疾，并且两个物种的种群在未来几年都没有稳定下来，则可能需要易位以确保它们的生存能力。