To power cloud data centres (DCs) with renewable energy (RE) Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Google and Microsoft negotiated innovative long-term contracts that opened up regional vertically integrated electricity utilities to allow new roles for large-scale suppliers and buyers of electricity. This transformation is explained using Williamson’s framework of institutional change linking the four interdependent institutional levels of embedded values, regulatory environment, (interfirm) governance and resource allocation. This framework is extended geographically by incorporating the regional and national interactions necessary for locating and spatially diffusing RE-driven DCs across the USA based on new power purchases and green tariff contractural agreements.

中文翻译：

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绿化云：寡头驱动的美国电网商业和工业电力购买的制度转型

为利用可再生能源 (RE) 为云数据中心 (DC) 供电，亚马逊、苹果、Facebook、谷歌和微软协商了创新的长期合同，开放了区域垂直整合的电力公用事业，从而为大型电力供应商和买家提供了新的角色. 这种转变是使用威廉姆森的制度变革框架来解释的，该框架将嵌入价值、监管环境、（公司间）治理和资源分配这四个相互依赖的制度层面联系起来。该框架通过结合区域和国家互动在地理上进行了扩展，这些互动基于新的电力购买和绿色电价合同协议在美国各地定位和空间扩散可再生能源驱动的 DC。