Titanium is commonly and successfully used in dental and orthopedic implants. However, patients still have to face the risk of implant failure due to various reasons, such as implant loosening or infection. The risk of implant loosening can be countered by optimizing the osteointegration capacity of implant materials. Implant surface modifications for structuring, roughening and biological activation in favor for osteogenic differentiation have been vastly studied. A key factor for a successful stable long-term integration is the initial cellular response to the implant material. Hence, cell–material interactions, which are dependent on the surface parameters, need to be considered in the implant design. Therefore, this review starts with an introduction to the basics of cell–material interactions as well as common surface modification techniques. Afterwards, recent research on the impact of osteogenic processes in vitro and vivo provoked by various surface modifications is reviewed and discussed, in order to give an update on currently applied and developing implant modification techniques for enhancing osteointegration.

中文翻译：

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种植体-骨界面：回顾钛表面改性对体外和体内成骨过程的影响

钛通常且成功地用于牙科和骨科植入物。然而，由于各种原因，例如种植体松动或感染，患者仍然不得不面临种植体失败的风险。通过优化种植体材料的骨整合能力，可以降低种植体松动的风险。已经广泛研究了有利于成骨分化的用于结构化、粗糙化和生物活化的植入物表面修饰。成功稳定的长期整合的一个关键因素是对植入材料的初始细胞反应。因此，在植入物设计中需要考虑依赖于表面参数的细胞-材料相互作用。因此，本综述首先介绍了细胞-材料相互作用的基础知识以及常见的表面修饰技术。