Lipids are a biorefinery platform to prepare fuel, food and health products. They are traditionally obtained from plants, but those of microbial origin allow for a better use of land and C resources, among other benefits. Several (thermo)chemical and biochemical strategies are used for the conversion of C contained in lignocellulosic biomass into lipids. In particular, pyrolysis can process virtually any biomass and is easy to scale up. Products offer cost-effective, renewable C in the form of readily fermentable molecules and other upgradable intermediates. Although the production of microbial lipids has been studied for 30 years, their incorporation into biorefineries was only described a few years ago. As pyrolysis becomes a profitable technology to depolymerize lignocellulosic biomass into assimilable C, the number of investigations on it raises significantly. This article describes the challenges and opportunities resulting from the combination of lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis and lipid biosynthesis with oleaginous microorganisms. First, this work presents the basics of the individual processes, and then it shows state-of-the-art processes for the preparation of microbial lipids from biomass pyrolysis products. Advanced knowledge on separation techniques, structure analysis, and fermentability is detailed for each biomass pyrolysis fraction. Finally, the microbial fatty acid platform comprising biofuel, human food and animal feed products, and others, is presented. Literature shows that the microbial lipid production from anhydrosugars, like levoglucosan, and short-chain organic acids, like acetic acid, is straightforward. Indeed, processes achieving nearly theoretical yields form the latter have been described. Some authors have shown that lipid biosynthesis from different lignin sources is biochemically feasible. However, it still imposes major challenges regarding strain performance. No report on the fermentation of pyrolytic lignin is yet available. Research on the microbial uptake of pyrolytic humins remains vacant. Microorganisms that make use of methane show promising results at the proof-of-concept level. Overall, despite some issues need to be tackled, it is now possible to conceive new versatile biorefinery models by combining lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis products and robust oleaginous microbial cell factories.

脂质是制备燃料、食品和保健产品的生物精炼平台。它们传统上是从植物中获得的，但微生物来源的那些可以更好地利用土地和碳资源，以及其他好处。几种（热）化学和生化策略用于将木质纤维素生物质中所含的 C 转化为脂质。特别是，热解几乎可以处理任何生物质并且易于放大。产品以易于发酵的分子和其他可升级中间体的形式提供具有成本效益的可再生 C。尽管微生物脂质的生产已经研究了 30 年，但几年前才描述了将它们纳入生物精炼厂。随着热解成为将木质纤维素生物质解聚成可同化 C 的有利可图的技术，对它的调查数量显着增加。本文描述了木质纤维素生物质热解和脂质生物合成与产油微生物相结合所带来的挑战和机遇。首先，这项工作介绍了各个过程的基础知识，然后展示了从生物质热解产物制备微生物脂质的最新工艺。针对每个生物质热解部分详细介绍了分离技术、结构分析和发酵性方面的高级知识。最后，介绍了由生物燃料、人类食品和动物饲料产品等组成的微生物脂肪酸平台。文献表明，从脱水糖（如左旋葡聚糖）和短链有机酸（如乙酸）中产生微生物脂质是简单的。确实，已经描述了从后者获得接近理论产率的方法。一些作者已经表明，来自不同木质素来源的脂质生物合成在生物化学上是可行的。然而，它仍然对应变性能提出了重大挑战。目前还没有关于热解木质素发酵的报道。关于热解腐殖质的微生物摄取的研究仍然空缺。利用甲烷的微生物在概念验证水平上显示出有希望的结果。总体而言，尽管需要解决一些问题，但现在可以通过结合木质纤维素生物质热解产品和强大的含油微生物细胞工厂来构想新的多功能生物精炼模型。一些作者已经表明，来自不同木质素来源的脂质生物合成在生物化学上是可行的。然而，它仍然对应变性能提出了重大挑战。目前还没有关于热解木质素发酵的报道。关于热解腐殖质的微生物摄取的研究仍然空缺。利用甲烷的微生物在概念验证水平上显示出有希望的结果。总体而言，尽管需要解决一些问题，但现在可以通过结合木质纤维素生物质热解产品和强大的含油微生物细胞工厂来构想新的多功能生物精炼模型。一些作者已经表明，来自不同木质素来源的脂质生物合成在生物化学上是可行的。然而，它仍然对应变性能提出了重大挑战。目前还没有关于热解木质素发酵的报道。关于热解腐殖质的微生物摄取的研究仍然空缺。利用甲烷的微生物在概念验证水平上显示出有希望的结果。总体而言，尽管需要解决一些问题，但现在可以通过结合木质纤维素生物质热解产品和强大的含油微生物细胞工厂来构想新的多功能生物精炼模型。关于热解腐殖质的微生物摄取的研究仍然空缺。利用甲烷的微生物在概念验证水平上显示出有希望的结果。总体而言，尽管需要解决一些问题，但现在可以通过结合木质纤维素生物质热解产品和强大的含油微生物细胞工厂来构想新的多功能生物精炼模型。关于热解腐殖质的微生物摄取的研究仍然空缺。利用甲烷的微生物在概念验证水平上显示出有希望的结果。总体而言，尽管需要解决一些问题，但现在可以通过结合木质纤维素生物质热解产品和强大的含油微生物细胞工厂来构想新的多功能生物精炼模型。