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Assessment of heavy metal and physico-chemical pollution loadings of River Benue water at Makurdi using water quality index (WQI) and multivariate statistics
Applied Water Science ( IF 5.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-25 , DOI: 10.1007/s13201-021-01456-8
Raphael Terungwa Iwar , Joseph Terlumun Utsev , Martina Hassan

In this work, the quality of River Benue water at Makurdi was assessed for its heavy metal load alongside seven other physico-chemical parameters using water quality index (WQI) and multivariate statistical tools. A total of 45 samples from three (3) different points along the River course were collected for five months (October 2018–May, 2019) spanning the dry and wet seasons. Samples were analysed in accordance with standard methods. Most of the parameters evaluated were found to fall in the allowable limits of the World Health Organization (WHO) among others, except for colour, turbidity, total suspended solids, nickel, lead and cadmium. WQI analysis using the BISWQI, OWQI and CCMEWQI indicated that all indexing methods were suitable for estimating the WQI of River Benue as they all showed that the water corresponded to the classification as “poor water”. Heavy metal index of the river ranged from13.40–6080.00 and from 47.07–7240.00 for the dry and wet seasons, respectively, and was majorly influenced by high cadmium and lead pollution levels. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed three rotated factor with respective communality levels for both the dry and wet seasons. Factor 1 was positively loaded with nine parameters which accounted for 32.3% of the total variance during the dry season, while it was positively loaded with 10 parameters in the wet season accounting for 25.9% of total variance. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) revealed that the river was zoned into four clusters each for both dry and wet seasons. Sampling points 2 and 3 were the most polluted during the dry season, while sampling point 1 was found to be the most polluted in the wet season. It was concluded that the increasing and diverse nature of anthropogenic activities on the river course was responsible for the deteriorating quality of the water. The study recommended continuous pollution monitoring and local regulations to reduce the entrance of both diffuse and point source pollution into the river.



中文翻译:

使用水质指数 (WQI) 和多变量统计评估 Makurdi 贝努埃河水的重金属和物理化学污染负荷

在这项工作中,使用水质指数 (WQI) 和多变量统计工具评估了马库尔迪贝努埃河水的重金属含量以及其他七个物理化学参数。在跨越旱季和雨季的五个月(2018 年 10 月至 2019 年 5 月)期间,共收集了来自河道沿线三 (3) 个不同点的 45 个样本。根据标准方法分析样品。除了颜色、浊度、总悬浮固体、镍、铅和镉外,大多数评估的参数都在世界卫生组织 (WHO) 的允许范围内。使用 BISWQI 进行 WQI 分析,OWQI 和 CCMEWQI 表明所有指数方法都适用于估算贝努埃河的 WQI,因为它们都表明水对应于“差水”的分类。河流的重金属指数在旱季和雨季分别为13.40-6080.00和47.07-7240.00,主要受高镉和铅污染水平的影响。主成分分析 (PCA) 揭示了三个轮换因子,它们分别具有旱季和雨季的公共水平。因子 1 正加载 9 个参数,占旱季总方差的 32.3%,而在雨季正加载 10 个参数,占总方差的 25.9%。层次聚类分析 (HCA) 显示,河流被划分为四个集群,每个集群分别用于旱季和雨季。采样点 2 和 3 在旱季污染最严重,而采样点 1 在雨季污染最严重。得出的结论是,河道上越来越多的人为活动是造成水质恶化的原因。该研究建议持续污染监测和地方法规,以减少扩散和点源污染进入河流。得出的结论是,河道上越来越多的人为活动是造成水质恶化的原因。该研究建议持续污染监测和地方法规,以减少扩散和点源污染进入河流。得出的结论是,河道上越来越多的人为活动是造成水质恶化的原因。该研究建议持续污染监测和地方法规,以减少扩散和点源污染进入河流。

更新日期:2021-06-28
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