The introduction of crown walls with parapets on top of dikes and berms represents a relatively economic and efficient solution to reduce the wave overtopping discharge and therefore the hazard exposure of the inshore areas. However, the inclusion of parapets and bullnoses leads to increased wave pressures on the crown walls that may compromise their resistance. Literature studies have so far addressed separately the effects of crown walls, parapets and bullnoses on the hydraulic efficiency and on the structural stability. The purpose of this contribution is to fill the gap between these two streams of research, proposing an integrated analysis of the wave loads and of the wave overtopping discharges at smooth berms that are supposed to be upgraded with crown walls and parapets. The study is based on the results of a recent campaign of 2D small-scale laboratory tests on wave overtopping at smooth berms with crown walls under breaking and non-breaking waves. Relevant parameters of the sensitivity analysis are the berm slope, width and relative emergence, the crown wall height, and the inclusion of a parapet. The main outcome of the investigation consists of a set of indications for the optimized reduction of the discharge with a limited increase of structural loads. A simple and practical formula linking forces and overtopping discharges at walls and highlighting the strict correlation between the two variables is also proposed.

在堤防和护堤顶部引入带有护栏的冠墙代表了一种相对经济和有效的解决方案，以减少浪溢排放，从而减少近海地区的危险暴露。然而，包含护栏和圆角会导致冠壁上的波浪压力增加，这可能会影响其抵抗力。迄今为止，文献研究分别讨论了冠壁、护墙和牛鼻对水力效率和结构稳定性的影响。这项贡献的目的是填补这两个研究流之间的空白，建议对波浪载荷和平滑护堤处的波浪漫溢排放进行综合分析，这些护堤应该用冠墙和护墙进行升级。该研究基于最近的一项 2D 小规模实验室测试的结果，该测试对在破碎和非破碎波浪下具有冠壁的光滑护堤进行了波浪漫顶。敏感性分析的相关参数是护道坡度、宽度和相对出水量、冠墙高度和护墙的包含。调查的主要结果包括一组指标，用于在有限增加结构载荷的情况下优化减少排放。还提出了一个简单实用的公式，将力和墙壁上的溢流排放联系起来，并强调了这两个变量之间的严格相关性。宽度和相对出水量、冠壁高度以及包含的护墙。调查的主要结果包括一组指标，用于在有限增加结构载荷的情况下优化减少排放。还提出了一个简单实用的公式，将力和墙壁上的溢流排放联系起来，并强调了这两个变量之间的严格相关性。宽度和相对出现，冠壁高度，以及包含的女儿墙。调查的主要结果包括一组指标，用于在有限增加结构载荷的情况下优化减少排放。还提出了一个简单实用的公式，将力和墙壁上的溢流排放联系起来，并强调了这两个变量之间的严格相关性。