The spread of COVID-19 within any given country or community at the onset of the pandemic depended in part on the sheltering-in-place rate of its citizens. The pandemic led us to revisit one of psychology's most fundamental and most basic questions in a high-stakes context: what determines human behavior? Adopting a Lewinian interactionist lens, we investigate the independent and joint effects of macrolevel government policies and microlevel psychological factors-that is, personality-on whether individuals sheltered-in-place. We analyzed data collected in late March and early April 2020 from 101,005 participants in 55 countries, a time period that coincided with the early and accelerating stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. This time period also contained substantial variation in the stringency of governmental policy toward sheltering-in-place, both between countries and within each country over time. Analyses revealed that personality and the stringency of governmental policies independently predicted sheltering-in-place rates. Policy stringency was positively related to sheltering-in-place. For the personality dimensions, Openness, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism all predicted higher rates of sheltering-in-place, whereas Extraversion was negatively related to staying at home. In addition, two personality traits-Openness to Experience and Neuroticism-interacted with governmental policy to predict whether individuals sheltered-in-place; openness and neuroticism each had weaker effects on sheltering-in-place as governmental policies became stricter. Theoretically, the findings demonstrate that individual differences predict behavior (i.e., sheltering-in-place) even when governments take strong action targeting that behavior. Practically, they suggest that even if governments lift their shelter-in-place restrictions, some individuals will shelter-in-place less than others. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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个性和政策如何预测大流行行为：了解 55 个国家在 COVID-19 开始时就地避难。

在大流行开始时，COVID-19 在任何特定国家或社区内的传播部分取决于其公民的就地避难率。大流行使我们在高风险背景下重新审视了心理学中最基本和最基本的问题之一：什么决定了人类的行为？我们采用 Lewinian 互动主义视角，研究宏观层面的政府政策和微观层面的心理因素（即人格）对个人是否就地避难的独立和联合影响。我们分析了 2020 年 3 月下旬和 2020 年 4 月上旬从 55 个国家/地区的 101,005 名参与者收集的数据，这段时间恰逢 COVID-19 大流行的早期和加速阶段。这一时期的政府政策对就地避难的严格程度也存在很大差异，随着时间的推移，在国家之间和每个国家内部。分析表明，个性和政府政策的严格程度独立地预测了就地庇护率。政策严格性与就地避难呈正相关。对于人格维度，开放性、尽责性、随和性和神经质都预测了更高的就地避难率，而外向性与呆在家里呈负相关。此外，两种人格特质——经验开放性和神经质——与政府政策相互作用，以预测个人是否就地避难；随着政府政策变得更加严格，开放性和神经质对就地避难所产生的影响都较弱。从理论上讲，研究结果表明个体差异可以预测行为（即，就地避难），即使政府针对这种行为采取了强有力的行动。实际上，他们建议即使政府取消他们的就地避难限制，一些人将比其他人少就地避难。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。