Hormones play important roles in vegetative and reproductive processes; however, the regulatory roles of hormones in Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus) growth and development are unclear. In this study, nine types of endogenous hormones, including gibberellins (GA₁, GA₃, and GA₄), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), brassinolide (BR), ethylene (ETH), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and zeatin (ZT) were detected in dormant shoot tips, vegetative shoot tips, developing leaf buds, and developing flower buds of lotus. The results indicated that GA, ETH, and BR signaling can promote vegetative and reproductive development of lotus. GA signaling regulates plant height and stimulates flower bud differentiation. GA levels were the highest in the flower buds; exogenous GA₃₊₄ increased plant height by approximately 90%, increased flower quantity by nearly 40%, and advanced flowering by 4 d. Suppressing GA biosynthesis using paclobutrazol decreased plant height and flower quantity by 38% and 87.1%, respectively, and delayed flowering by 15.6 d. ETH signaling has positive regulatory effects on vegetative growth and flower development. The ETH concentration in the developing leaf buds was at least 50% higher than that in other samples. Ethephon spraying led to remarkable increases in plant height and leaf thickness and extended the flowering duration. BR signaling acts as a growth promoter during vegetative and reproductive development in lotus. The highest BR levels were detected in the vegetative shoot tips. External application of 28-epihomobrassinolide resulted in growth-promoting phenotypes including longer scapes, thicker leaves, and prolonged flowering.

激素在营养和生殖过程中发挥重要作用；然而，荷尔蒙在莲（莲花）生长发育中的调节作用尚不清楚。在这项研究中，九种内源性激素，包括赤霉素（GA ₁、 GA ₃和 GA ₄)、吲哚-3-乙酸 (IAA)、芸苔素 (BR)、乙烯 (ETH)、茉莉酸 (JA)、脱落酸 (ABA) 和玉米素 (ZT) 在休眠芽尖、营养芽尖发育叶芽，发育莲花花芽。结果表明GA、ETH和BR信号可以促进莲花的营养和生殖发育。GA 信号调节植物高度并刺激花芽分化。花蕾中GA含量最高；外源性GA ₃₊₄株高增加约 90%，花量增加近 40%，开花提前 4 天。使用多效唑抑制 GA 生物合成使株高和花量分别降低 38% 和 87.1%，开花延迟 15.6 d。ETH信号对营养生长和花朵发育具有积极的调节作用。发育中的叶芽中的 ETH 浓度至少比其他样品中的高 50%。喷洒乙烯利导致株高和叶片厚度显着增加并延长开花持续时间。BR 信号在莲花的营养和生殖发育过程中充当生长促进剂。在植物茎尖中检测到最高的 BR 水平。28-表高油菜素内酯的外部应用导致生长促进表型，包括更长的花茎，