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Rates of geological processes
Earth-Science Reviews ( IF 12.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-24 , DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103723
Philip D. Gingerich

Rates are widely used to characterize processes in the geological sciences, and the ratios that rates represent deserve more careful attention. The numerator is a measure of change or difference, and the denominator is generally a corresponding interval of time. Temporal scaling is the quantitative relationship of differences and rates to their associated time intervals. These relationships are proportional and appropriately studied on logarithmic axes. Here log-difference-interval (LDI) and log-rate-interval (LRI) graphs are analyzed for nine empirical case studies involving creep on the San Andreas Fault, anthropogenic carbon emissions, glacial advance and retreat, sediment accumulation, tectonic uplift and exhumation, river incision, beryllium-10 dating of outcrop and basin erosion, climate-related temperature change, and species-level extinction.

Two studies, fault creep and carbon emissions, are directional in the sense that each has observed differences changing in proportion to their associated time intervals; calculated rates are consequently independent of their denominators. The remaining studies are random or stationary in having differences that are independent to some degree from their associated intervals, and rates that are consequently dependent on their denominators. Rates dependent on denominators are common in geological studies because observed changes or differences are often constrained to a relatively narrow range compared to the much longer spans of time over which geological rates are calculated. When LDI or LRI temporal scaling shows change to fit a random or stationary model, meaning rates are dependent on their denominators, then any comparison of the rates involved must be restricted to, or projected to, some common denominator or common scale of time.

Radionuclide calibration of outcrop and basin erosion, and biological extinction are two stationary processes where rates are often compared, erroneously, on different scales of time.



中文翻译:

地质过程速率

比率被广泛用于描述地质科学中的过程,并且比率所代表的比率值得更仔细地关注。分子是变化或差异的量度,分母一般是对应的时间间隔。时间标度是差异和比率与其相关时间间隔的定量关系。这些关系是成比例的,并在对数轴上进行了适当的研究。此处分析了九个经验案例研究的对数差异间隔 (LDI) 和对数速率间隔 (LRI) 图,这些案例研究涉及圣安德烈亚斯断层蠕变、人为碳排放、冰川进退、沉积物堆积、构造隆起和折返, 河流切口, 露头和盆地侵蚀的铍 10 年代测定, 与气候相关的温度变化,

两项研究,断层蠕变和碳排放,都是有方向性的,因为每个研究都观察到差异与相关的时间间隔成比例地变化;因此,计算出的利率与其分母无关。其余的研究是随机的或平稳的,它们的差异在某种程度上与其相关的区间无关,而比率因此取决于它们的分母。取决于分母的比率在地质研究中很常见,因为与计算地质比率的更长的时间跨度相比,观察到的变化或差异通常被限制在相对狭窄的范围内。当 LDI 或 LRI 时间标度显示变化以适合随机或平稳模型时,这意味着比率取决于它们的分母,

露头和盆地侵蚀的放射性核素校准以及生物灭绝是两个稳定的过程,在不同的时间尺度上经常错误地比较速率。

更新日期:2021-06-30
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