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The Metal Content of the Hot Atmospheres of Galaxy Groups
Universe ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-24 , DOI: 10.3390/universe7070208
Fabio Gastaldello , Aurora Simionescu , Francois Mernier , Veronica Biffi , Massimo Gaspari , Kosuke Sato , Kyoko Matsushita

Galaxy groups host the majority of matter and more than half of all the galaxies in the Universe. Their hot (107 K), X-ray emitting intra-group medium (IGrM) reveals emission lines typical of many elements synthesized by stars and supernovae. Because their gravitational potentials are shallower than those of rich galaxy clusters, groups are ideal targets for studying, through X-ray observations , feedback effects, which leave important marks on their gas and metal contents. Here, we review the history and present status of the chemical abundances in the IGrM probed by X-ray spectroscopy. We discuss the limitations of our current knowledge, in particular due to uncertainties in the modeling of the Fe-L shell by plasma codes, and coverage of the volume beyond the central region. We further summarize the constraints on the abundance pattern at the group mass scale and the insight it provides to the history of chemical enrichment. Parallel to the observational efforts, we review the progress made by both cosmological hydrodynamical simulations and controlled high-resolution 3D simulations to reproduce the radial distribution of metals in the IGrM, the dependence on system mass from group to cluster scales, and the role of AGN and SN feedback in producing the observed phenomenology. Finally, we highlight future prospects in this field, where progress will be driven both by a much richer sample of X-ray emitting groups identified with eROSITA, and by a revolution in the study of X-ray spectra expected from micro-calorimeters onboard XRISM and ATHENA.

中文翻译:

星系群热大气的金属含量

星系群拥有宇宙中大部分物质和一半以上的星系。他们的热(107K),X 射线发射群内介质 (IGrM) 揭示了由恒星和超新星合成的许多元素的典型发射线。由于它们的引力势比丰富的星系团要浅,因此它们是通过X射线观测反馈效应进行研究的理想目标,这在它们的气体和金属含量上留下了重要标记。在这里,我们回顾了 X 射线光谱探测 IGrM 中化学丰度的历史和现状。我们讨论了我们目前知识的局限性,特别是由于通过等离子体代码对 Fe-L 壳建模的不确定性,以及中心区域以外的体积覆盖。我们进一步总结了群体质量尺度上丰度模式的限制及其对化学富集历史的洞察。在观测工作的同时,我们回顾了宇宙流体动力学模拟和受控高分辨率 3D 模拟在再现 IGrM 中金属的径向分布、从群到群尺度对系统质量的依赖以及 AGN 的作用所取得的进展和 SN 反馈产生观察到的现象学。最后,我们强调了该领域的未来前景,其中的进展将受到更丰富的 eROSITA 鉴定的 X 射线发射组样本以及 XRISM 机载微量热计预期的 X 射线光谱研究革命的推动和雅典娜。从群体到集群尺度对系统质量的依赖,以及 AGN 和 SN 反馈在产生观察到的现象学中的作用。最后,我们强调了该领域的未来前景,其中的进展将受到更丰富的 eROSITA 鉴定的 X 射线发射组样本以及 XRISM 机载微量热计预期的 X 射线光谱研究革命的推动和雅典娜。从群体到集群尺度对系统质量的依赖,以及 AGN 和 SN 反馈在产生观察到的现象学中的作用。最后,我们强调了该领域的未来前景,其中的进展将受到更丰富的 eROSITA 鉴定的 X 射线发射组样本以及 XRISM 机载微量热计预期的 X 射线光谱研究革命的推动和雅典娜。
更新日期:2021-06-24
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