This work explored the environmental factors that control the temporal dynamics of vertical energy and carbon fluxes between the atmosphere and arid mangroves located on the coastline of the Gulf of California, Mexico. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE), latent (λE) and sensible heat (H) exchange fluxes were estimated in situ using the eddy covariance technique along with meteorological and hydrological observations during the period November 2017 through November 2019. Moreover, multiyear mangrove phenology at footprint-scale was tracked using remotely sensed vegetation greenness data from Sentinel-2. Our results suggest that the seasonal energy partition and the magnitude of NEE is highly coupled with seasonal changes in the level of tidal flooding, vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and temperature. Low tidal levels facilitate heat transmission to the atmosphere leading the energy partition to H, while the increase in flooding and VPD facilitates the transmission of water vapor resulting in λE dominance. The lowest rate of NEE was observed during the months of highest tidal flooding (June–August) while the highest seasonal rate of NEE matched with the lowest mean flood levels (March–May). Estimated annual NEE for 2018 was −745.3 gC m⁻² y⁻¹ while for 2019 was −307.4 gC m⁻² y⁻¹. Our findings suggest a possible trend of decrease in the capacity of carbon sequestration of arid mangroves with rising sea levels and air temperature as a result of global warming.

中文翻译：

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墨西哥西北部干旱红树林能量和 CO2 通量时间演变的环境控制

这项工作探索了控制大气与墨西哥加利福尼亚湾海岸线上干旱红树林之间垂直能量和碳通量时间动态的环境因素。净生态系统交换 (NEE)、潜伏 ( λE ) 和显热 ( H) 交换通量是使用涡流协方差技术以及 2017 年 11 月至 2019 年 11 月期间的气象和水文观测进行原位估计的。此外，使用来自 Sentinel-2 的遥感植被绿度数据跟踪足迹尺度的多年红树林物候。我们的结果表明，季节性能量分配和 NEE 的大小与潮汐洪水水平、蒸汽压差 (VPD) 和温度的季节性变化高度相关。低潮位促进热量向大气传递，导致能量分配为H，而洪水和 VPD 的增加促进水蒸气的传递，导致λE支配地位。在潮汐洪水最高的月份（6 月至 8 月）观察到 NEE 发生率最低，而 NEE 的最高季节性发生率与最低平均洪水水位（3 月至 5 月）相匹配。2018 年的估计年 NEE 为 -745.3 gC m ^-2  y ^-1而 2019 年为 -307.4 gC m ^-2  y ^-1。我们的研究结果表明，随着全球变暖导致海平面和气温上升，干旱红树林的碳固存能力可能呈下降趋势。