Coastal dunes of the Mediterranean basin are threatened ecosystems, conservation of which is vital for both ecological and economic reasons. Understanding how dune plants and their habitat interact may deepen our knowledge of the dynamics of coastal environments. An ecophysiological and morpho-functional investigation was carried out throughout all seasons on four species typically found on the fixed dunes of central Italy. They belong to different functional groups: Cistus creticus subsp. Eriocephalus (drought semideciduous), Phillyrea angustifolia (evergreen sclerophyll), Juniperus macrocarpa (conifer) and Spartium junceum (leguminous). The aims of the study were to determine the annual patterns of plant responses, to highlight putative differences of resistance strategies between functional groups, and to identify traits which play a crucial role in plant adaptation to dune environments. Photochemical efficiency was lower in winter for all species, although it was quite steady in Juniperus. Water status never reached critical levels, probably because the summer under analysis was wetter than average. Different strategies of resistance were exhibited: leaf morphological traits and seasonal modulation of leaf pigments changed depending on the functional group. Nevertheless, all species displayed efficient adaptation to the Mediterranean environment involved in the study, showing the critical importance of how physiological and functional adjustments combine in different ways. In particular, leaf area, total carotenoid and total chlorophyll concentrations performed a prominent role in explaining how the studied plants adapt to the fixed dune environment.

地中海盆地的沿海沙丘是受到威胁的生态系统，出于生态和经济原因，保护生态系统至关重要。了解沙丘植物及其栖息地如何相互作用可能会加深我们对沿海环境动态的了解。对意大利中部固定沙丘上常见的四种物种进行了整个季节的生态生理学和形态功能调查。它们属于不同的功能组：岩蔷薇亚种。Eriocephalus（干旱半落叶）、Phillyrea angustifolia（常绿硬叶）、Juniperus macrocarpa（针叶树）和Spartium junceum（豆科植物）。该研究的目的是确定植物反应的年度模式，突出功能组之间抗性策略的假定差异，并确定在植物适应沙丘环境中起关键作用的性状。冬季所有物种的光化学效率较低，但杜松的光化学效率相当稳定. 水状况从未达到临界水平，可能是因为所分析的夏季比平均水平更潮湿。表现出不同的抗性策略：叶片形态特征和叶片色素的季节性调节根据功能组而变化。尽管如此，所有物种都表现出对研究中涉及的地中海环境的有效适应，表明生理和功能调整如何以不同方式结合的至关重要。特别是，叶面积、总类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素浓度在解释所研究植物如何适应固定沙丘环境方面发挥了重要作用。