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Legislation in Illiberal Poland
The Theory and Practice of Legislation Pub Date : 2021-06-24 , DOI: 10.1080/20508840.2021.1942364
Agnieszka Bień-Kacała 1
Affiliation  

ABSTRACT

Poland and Hungary seem to represent the same type of constitutionalism. It can be defensibly labelled as illiberal, as it is based on a longing for a charismatic leader and specific national identity, combining individual freedom with non-liberal values, and distances itself from western standards comprising the Rule of Law, democracy, and human rights protection. Weak restraint is provided by EU and international norms and procedures. The aim of this paper is to recognize the tendencies in legislative practice in Poland since 2015 that are associated with the illiberalization of the constitutional system, and investigate their role in deterioration of the legislative quality, and thus, maintenance of illiberal constitutionalism. These tendencies are detected as inequality, defective constitutional justice and compromised judicial independence, accelerated and pure majoritarian approach to legislation, and illiberal content of laws. It is found that the legislation has been fuelled by the majoritarian vision of a state community that is emphasized in the political narrative of the ruling alliance. This vision has been transformed into political decision-making and situated against rule-of-law considerations. It generates de facto discrimination against certain groups of people (LGBTQI+), de iure inequalities (retirement age and pension), and the will of the (majority of) people is placed above the Constitution. A captured constitutional court is not able to defend the Constitution. The legislative process has been accelerated to such an extent that there is no meaningful discussion, consultation, or public participation in the procedure. The statutes are abused for informal constitutional changes or have symbolic meaning without proper legislative effectiveness. Legislation during the COVID-19 crisis has not improved the quality of laws at all and could not properly addressed the criticism emerged after some experiences of the pandemic-related functioning of the parliament and government. The combination of all these tendencies makes the Polish legislative practice distinctive in its illiberal tone.



中文翻译:

非自由波兰的立法

摘要

波兰和匈牙利似乎代表了同一类型的宪政。它可以被贴上不自由的标签,因为它基于对魅力领袖和特定国家身份的渴望,将个人自由与非自由价值观相结合,并与包括法治、民主和人权在内的西方标准保持距离保护。欧盟和国际规范和程序提供了弱约束。本文的目的是识别自 2015 年以来波兰立法实践中与宪法制度的非自由化相关的趋势,并调查它们在立法质量恶化中的作用,从而维持非自由宪政主义。这些趋势被认为是不平等、有缺陷的宪法正义和损害司法独立,立法的加速和纯粹的多数主义方法,以及不自由的法律内容。人们发现,立法是由执政联盟的政治叙述中强调的国家社区的多数主义愿景推动的。这一愿景已转化为政治决策,并与法治考虑背道而驰。它对某些人群 (LGBTQI+) 造成事实上的歧视,产生了法律上的不平等(退休年龄和养老金),并且(大多数)人的意志凌驾于宪法之上。被俘虏的宪法法院无法捍卫宪法。立法进程已经加速到没有有意义的讨论、协商或公众参与的程度。这些法规被滥用于非正式的宪法修改或具有象征意义而没有适当的立法效力。COVID-19 危机期间的立法根本没有提高法律的质量,也无法妥善解决在议会和政府与大流行相关的一些运作经验后出现的批评。所有这些趋势的结合使波兰的立法实践在其不自由的语气中与众不同。

更新日期:2021-06-24
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