It is a well-known fact that Pashto belongs to those Eastern Iranian languages, which show lambdacism. While similarities exist with Bactrian and Munji-Yidgha, the situation in Pashto is not exactly the same, and is in any case far more complicated. Especially interesting in this respect is the development of Old Iranian *t, which is sometimes shifted to l in Pashto proper and y in Waneci, sometimes yields the voiced dental d, or, as a third outcome, disappears in all varieties.

In this paper, it is argued that the first lambdacism of (Old Iranian *d >) *δ > l, in the early first millennium A.D., spread from Bactrian, the prestigious lingua franca of the Kushan and subsequent Empires, into the contemporary ancestors of Munji(-Yidgha), Pashto and Prasun. Almost a millennium later, there was another, geographically far more limited lambdacism. This time, one subgroup of Pashto from which all Pashto proper dialects would emerge, changed, at least in certain environments, (Old Iranian *t >) *d > *δ to l, while it was changed to a palatal glide in Waneci. In other phonological environments, *d had disappeared before it could be shifted to l and y, respectively, and left no traces in contemporary dialects. In those cases where *t corresponds to d in all contemporary varieties of Pashto, we are dealing with a secondary restoration of the dental or sandhi, which lead to a voicing of initial *t.

众所周知，普什图语属于那些表现出拉姆达西斯主义的伊朗东部语言。虽然与 Bactrian 和 Munji-Yidgha 存在相似之处，但普什图语的情况并不完全相同，而且无论如何要复杂得多。在这方面特别有趣的是古伊朗语 * t的发展，它有时在普什图语中变为l，在瓦内西语中变为y，有时产生浊齿 d，或者作为第三种结果，在所有变体中消失。

在这篇论文中，认为 (Old Israel * d >) * δ > l的第一个拉姆达西斯主义，在公元第一个千年早期，从贵霜和随后帝国着名的通用语言大夏传播到当代祖先Munji（-Yidgha）、普什图语和普拉松语。将近一千年后，又出现了另一种地理上更为有限的拉姆达西主义。这一次，普什图语的一个亚群，所有普什图语的专有方言都会出现，至少在某些环境中，(古伊朗语 * t > ) * d > * δ变为l，而在瓦内茨语中它变成了腭滑音。在其他语音环境中，* d在它可以分别转换为 l 和 y 之前就消失了，并且在当代方言中没有留下任何痕迹。在 * t对应于所有当代普什图语变体中的d 的情况下，我们正在处理牙齿或 Sandhi 的二次修复，这会导致初始 * t发声。