In (Re-)Defining Racism, I offer the first comprehensive examination of the philosophical literature on racism and argue for a new methodological approach that I call conventionalism. Framing my argument within this approach, I defend an oppression theory of racism. In this article, I will attempt to accomplish two goals: offer a reply to the thoughtful comments of my critics, and lay out the main argument and major themes of my book in an accessible manner. First, I will describe the philosophical problem of defining “racism” and explain why I think a new methodological approach is necessary to address this problem. Second, I will present the moralist presupposition of my project and extend my oppression theory of racism in response to the challenge of assigning responsibility for oppression. Finally, I will address several criticisms to my prescriptive approach, including: (1) my prescriptive approach unjustifiably privileges moralist explanation (explaining why racism is bad) over social explanation (explaining the causes of racism); (2) the tool of semantic clarification, which my conventionalist framework draws upon, is inadequate for resolving conceptual disagreement; (3) my call for scholars to negotiate the meaning of “racism” is unlikely to succeed and would be insufficient to inspire social change if it were to succeed; and, finally, (4) my conventionalist approach is wedded to a misguided intensionalist semantics, for an extensionalist semantics is more appropriate for the term “racist.”

在（重新）定义种族主义，我对种族主义的哲学文献进行了第一次全面的审查，并主张一种我称之为约定主义的新方法论方法。在这种方法中构建我的论点，我捍卫种族主义的压迫理论。在这篇文章中，我将尝试实现两个目标：对批评者深思熟虑的评论进行回复，并以通俗易懂的方式阐述本书的主要论点和主题。首先，我将描述定义“种族主义”的哲学问题，并解释为什么我认为需要一种新的方法论方法来解决这个问题。其次，我将提出我的项目的道德主义预设，并扩展我的种族主义压迫理论，以应对分配压迫责任的挑战。最后，我将对我的规范方法提出一些批评，包括：（1）我的规范方法不合理地将道德主义解释（解释种族主义为什么不好）置于社会解释（解释种族主义的原因）之上；(2) 我的约定主义框架所利用的语义澄清工具不足以解决概念上的分歧；(3) 我呼吁学者就“种族主义”的含义进行谈判不太可能成功，如果成功，也不足以激发社会变革；最后，（4）我的约定主义方法与被误导的内涵主义语义联系在一起，因为外延主义语义更适合术语“种族主义者”。我的约定主义框架所借鉴的，不足以解决概念上的分歧；(3) 我呼吁学者就“种族主义”的含义进行谈判不太可能成功，如果成功，也不足以激发社会变革；最后，（4）我的约定主义方法与被误导的内涵主义语义联系在一起，因为外延主义语义更适合术语“种族主义者”。我的约定主义框架所借鉴的，不足以解决概念上的分歧；(3) 我呼吁学者就“种族主义”的含义进行谈判不太可能成功，如果成功，也不足以激发社会变革；最后，（4）我的约定主义方法与被误导的内涵主义语义联系在一起，因为外延主义语义更适合术语“种族主义者”。