Agroforestry, or the intentional integration of trees on crop or pastureland, is a sustainable land use system that provides ecosystem services including climate change mitigation and private benefits for smallholders. While existing reviews of agroforestry adoption focus on government policy, there is increasing interest from, and opportunities for, non-state actors to accelerate agroforestry adoption. The purpose of this critical review is to identify points of entry for non-state actors to increase smallholder incentives for agroforestry adoption in low and middle income countries. We identify opportunities for non-state actors to address key market failures in all stages of the agroforestry system. We find that non-state actors have advantages of proximity and institutional knowledge that provide opportunities for direct and indirect intervention to increase agroforestry adoption.

农林业，或在作物或牧场上有意整合树木，是一种可持续的土地利用系统，可提供生态系统服务，包括减缓气候变化和为小农户带来私人利益。虽然现有的农林采用审查侧重于政府政策，但非国家行为者越来越有兴趣并有机会加速采用农林。本次批判性审查的目的是确定非国家行为者的切入点，以增加低收入和中等收入国家采用农林业的小农激励措施。我们为非国家行为者确定了解决农林业系统各个阶段关键市场失灵的机会。