Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, causing functional impairment. Its prevalence lies at approximately 5% in children and adolescents and at approximately 2.5% in adults. The disorder follows a multifactorial etiology and shows a high heritability. Patients show a high interindividual and intraindividual variability of symptoms, with executive deficits in several cognitive domains. Overall, ADHD is associated with high rates of psychiatric comorbidities, and insufficient treatment is linked to adverse long-term outcomes. Current clinical guidelines recommend an individualized multimodal treatment approach including psychoeducation, pharmacological interventions, and non-pharmacological interventions. Available medications include stimulants (methylphenidate, amphetamines) and non-stimulants (atomoxetine, guanfacine, clonidine). While available pharmacological treatment options for ADHD show relatively large effect sizes (in short-term trials) and overall good tolerability, there is still a need for improvement of current pharmacotherapeutic strategies and for the development of novel medications.

This review summarizes available pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents, identifies current issues in research and evidence gaps, and provides an overview of ongoing efforts to develop new medications for the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents by means of a systematic cross-sectional analysis of the clinical trials registry www.clinicaltrials.gov.

注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是一种以注意力不集中、多动和冲动为特征的神经发育障碍，导致功能障碍。其患病率在儿童和青少年中约为 5%，在成人中约为 2.5%。该疾病具有多因素病因并显示出高遗传性。患者表现出高度的个体间和个体间症状变异性，在几个认知领域存在执行缺陷。总体而言，ADHD 与精神疾病的高发病率相关，而治疗不足与不良的长期结果有关。目前的临床指南建议采用个性化的多模式治疗方法，包括心理教育、药物干预和非药物干预。可用的药物包括兴奋剂（哌醋甲酯、安非他明）和非兴奋剂（托莫西汀、胍法辛、可乐定）。虽然 ADHD 可用的药物治疗方案显示出相对较大的效果（在短期试验中）和总体良好的耐受性，但仍需要改进当前的药物治疗策略和开发新的药物。

本综述总结了儿童和青少年 ADHD 可用的药物治疗方案，确定了当前的研究问题和证据差距，并概述了通过系统交叉研究开发治疗儿童和青少年 ADHD 的新药物的持续努力。临床试验登记处的截面分析www.clinicaltrials.gov 。