Urban areas in the US have experienced important changes in racial/ethnic distributions over the last two decades. In the average urban area today black–white racial integration has increased by 10.6% between 1990 and 2010. Changes in racial and ethnic distributions and gentrification are often associated with changes in residents' demographic characteristics, such as income, education, and age. This paper applies a nonparametric spatial decomposition technique using complete (restricted-use) microdata files from the 1990 Decennial Long Form Census and 2008–2012 American Community Surveys to assess what portion of the changes in racial distributions can be attributed to changes in individual characteristics. We find that that, on average, a little over a third of the observed increase in integration can be accounted for by changes in observed individual characteristics.

中文翻译：

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反事实差异：人口和收入的变化能否解释美国城市种族融合的增加？

在过去的二十年里，美国城市地区的种族/民族分布发生了重大变化。1990 年至 2010 年间，在当今的平均城市地区，黑人与白人的种族融合增加了 10.6%。种族和民族分布和高档化的变化通常与居民人口特征的变化有关，例如收入、教育和年龄。本文采用非参数空间分解技术，使用 1990 年十年长表普查和 2008-2012 年美国社区调查的完整（限制使用）微数据文件来评估种族分布变化的哪些部分可归因于个体特征的变化。我们发现，平均而言，