Insect–fungus mutualism is one of the better-studied symbiotic interactions in nature. Ambrosia fungi are an ecological assemblage of unrelated fungi that are cultivated by ambrosia beetles in their galleries as obligate food for larvae. Despite recently increased research interest, it remains unclear which ecological factors facilitated the origin of fungus farming, and how it transformed into a symbiotic relationship with obligate dependency. It is clear from phylogenetic analyses that this symbiosis evolved independently many times in several beetle and fungus lineages. However, there is a mismatch between palaeontological and phylogenetic data. Herein we review, for the first time, the ambrosia system from a palaeontological perspective. Although largely ignored, families such as Lymexylidae and Bostrichidae should be included in the list of ambrosia beetles because some of their species cultivate ambrosia fungi. The estimated origin for some groups of ambrosia fungi during the Cretaceous concurs with a known high diversity of Lymexylidae and Bostrichidae at that time. Although potentially older, the greatest radiation of various ambrosia beetle lineages occurred in the weevil subfamilies Scolytinae and Platypodinae during the Eocene. In this review we explore the evolutionary relationship between ambrosia beetles, fungi and their host trees, which is likely to have persisted for longer than previously supposed.

中文翻译：

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蛀木鞘翅目真菌养殖的起源和进化——古生物学的观点

昆虫 - 真菌共生是自然界中研究得最好的共生相互作用之一。Ambrosia 真菌是不相关的真菌的生态组合，由 Ambrosia 甲虫在其画廊中培养，作为幼虫的必需食物。尽管最近增加了研究兴趣，但仍不清楚哪些生态因素促进了真菌养殖的起源，以及它如何转变为与专性依赖的共生关系。从系统发育分析中可以清楚地看出，这种共生关系在几个甲虫和真菌谱系中独立进化了很多次。然而，古生物学和系统发育数据之间存在不匹配。在这里，我们第一次从古生物学的角度回顾了美味系统。虽然在很大程度上被忽视了，Lymexylidae 和 Bostrichidae 等科应包括在美味甲虫的名单中，因为它们的一些物种培养了美味的真菌。白垩纪期间某些珍奇菌群的估计起源与当时已知的高度多样性的Lymexylidae和Bostrichidae一致。尽管可能更老，但在始新世期间，象鼻虫亚科 Scolytinae 和 Platypodinae 的各种天香甲虫谱系的最大辐射发生。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了天香甲虫、真菌及其寄主树之间的进化关系，这种关系可能比以前假设的持续时间更长。白垩纪期间某些珍奇菌群的估计起源与当时已知的高度多样性的Lymexylidae和Bostrichidae一致。尽管可能更老，但在始新世期间，象鼻虫亚科 Scolytinae 和 Platypodinae 的各种天香甲虫谱系的最大辐射发生。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了天香甲虫、真菌及其寄主树之间的进化关系，这种关系可能比以前假设的持续时间更长。白垩纪期间某些珍奇菌群的估计起源与当时已知的高度多样性的Lymexylidae和Bostrichidae一致。尽管可能更老，但在始新世期间，象鼻虫亚科 Scolytinae 和 Platypodinae 的各种天香甲虫谱系的最大辐射发生。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了天香甲虫、真菌及其寄主树之间的进化关系，这种关系可能比以前假设的持续时间更长。