The immobilization of long-lived radionuclide wastes generated from nuclear power plants (NPPs) during NPP operation, fuel reprocessing, and decommissioning of nuclear reactors is of great environmental concern. Designing suitable matrices with high durability, stability, and resistivity to various physical and chemical conditions (temperature, pressure, radiation, acidity/alkalinity, etc.) are required for the safe disposal and effective immobilization of radioactive wastes. In this review, we highlight and discuss the key developments in the design and applications of major inorganic waste forms for radioactive waste immobilization. Specifically, we review (i) glasses (borosilicates, phosphates, and sintered glasses), (ii) cements (Portland cement, cast stone/saltstone, hydroceramics, and geopolymer), (iii) synrocs (hollandite, zirconolite, and perovskite), and (iv) ceramics (titanates, sodalite, apatite, monazites, and goethite/magnetite). Additionally, we present future challenges that should be addressed during the design and selection of suitable waste forms for the immobilization of radionuclides. We believe that this paper can deepen our understanding of various waste forms and their roles in radioactive waste immobilization.

中文翻译：

---

用于有效固定放射性核素的无机废物形式

在核电厂运行、燃料后处理和核反应堆退役期间，核电厂 (NPP) 产生的长寿命放射性核素废物的固定化是一个重大的环境问题。为了安全处置和有效固定放射性废物，需要设计具有高耐久性、稳定性和对各种物理和化学条件（温度、压力、辐射、酸度/碱度等）的抵抗力的合适基质。在这篇综述中，我们强调并讨论了放射性废物固定的主要无机废物形式的设计和应用的关键进展。具体来说，我们回顾了 (i) 玻璃（硼硅酸盐、磷酸盐和烧结玻璃），（ii）水泥（波特兰水泥、铸石/盐岩、水力陶瓷和地质聚合物），（iii）synrocs（荷兰石、锆石、和钙钛矿），和 (iv) 陶瓷（钛酸盐、方钠石、磷灰石、独居石和针铁矿/磁铁矿）。此外，我们提出了在设计和选择用于固定放射性核素的合适废物形式期间应解决的未来挑战。我们相信本文可以加深我们对各种废物形式及其在放射性废物固定化中的作用的理解。