Background and purpose

The role of pharmacists in pharmacogenomics (PGx) use clinically is expanding, leading to increased pharmacy education requirements. Current reports indicate that PGx is primarily taught through didactic courses, indicating a need for applied coursework in pharmacy curricula, including laboratory exercises and clinical experiences. Such courses are instrumental in helping students connect the science of PGx to patient care.

Educational activity and setting

An advanced PGx independent study and a similar advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) were developed. These courses included personal genetic testing, raw genetic sequence data analysis, and wet-laboratory genetic testing. The APPE included sessions with clinical pharmacists who use PGx and a genetic counselor, as well as a visit to a genetic reference laboratory. A pre−/post-examination and survey were used to measure the courses' effectiveness and student perceptions of their abilities, PGx, and course components. For this pilot study one student per course was evaluated.

Findings

Each student completed all components of the courses successfully, supporting the feasibility of their implementation. Examination scores increased for both students with improvement in knowledge from basic genetics to clinical application. Both students also had a more positive perception of PGx after the courses and valued the various course components.

Summary

Through this unique course format, pharmacy students developed expertise in understanding and implementing PGx which allowed them to gain skills that go beyond an introductory course. Our experience may provide guidance to other pharmacy programs in adding more applied PGx education to their curricula.

中文翻译：

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开发基于实验室的药物基因组学独立研究和高级药学实践经验：将基础科学与临床应用联系起来

背景和目的

药剂师在药物基因组学 (PGx) 临床使用中的作用正在扩大，导致药学教育要求增加。目前的报告表明 PGx 主要通过教学课程教授，这表明需要在药学课程中进行应用课程作业，包括实验室练习和临床经验。此类课程有助于帮助学生将 PGx 科学与患者护理联系起来。

教育活动和环境

开发了一项高级 PGx 独立研究和类似的高级药学实践经验 (APPE)。这些课程包括个人基因检测、原始基因序列数据分析和湿实验室基因检测。APPE 包括与使用 PGx 的临床药剂师和遗传顾问的会议，以及参观遗传参考实验室。使用前/后考试和调查来衡量课程的有效性和学生对其能力、PGx 和课程组成部分的看法。对于这项试点研究，每门课程评估一名学生。

发现

每个学生都成功完成了课程的所有组成部分，支持其实施的可行性。随着从基础遗传学到临床应用的知识提高，这两名学生的考试成绩都有所提高。两位学生在课程结束后也对 PGx 有了更积极的看法，并重视课程的各个组成部分。

概括

通过这种独特的课程形式，药学学生在理解和实施 PGx 方面发展了专业知识，这使他们能够获得超越入门课程的技能。我们的经验可以为其他药学项目提供指导，将更多应用 PGx 教育添加到他们的课程中。