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Social Presence: Conceptualization and Measurement
Educational Psychology Review ( IF 10.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-22 , DOI: 10.1007/s10648-021-09623-8
Karel Kreijns 1 , Kate Xu 1 , Joshua Weidlich 2
Affiliation  

Social presence is an important construct in online group learning. It influences the way how social interaction unfolds online and affects learning and social outcomes. However, what precisely social presence is has been under debate, as presently a plethora of different definitions and measures exist preventing the development of a coherent research field regarding social presence and its defining role in online group learning. To solve the issue, we went back to the original social presence theory as devised by the communication researchers Short et al. (1976) to show that although they had a clear idea of social presence—namely “realness” of other persons in the interaction—their definition is ambiguous, not operationalizable, and the measurement of it questionable. We, therefore, disentangled their social presence theory and (1) reformulated the social presence definition to enable an operationalization in line with the previous conceptualization of social presence; (2) departed from the technological determinism of social presence; and (3) identified two other constructs closely linked to social presence, namely, sociability (as a medium attribute) and social space (as a group attribute). By reformulating the definition of social presence and by linking it to social space and sociability, we hope to contribute to a more coherent line of social presence research and to better understand interpersonal communication, group learning, and group dynamics when learning and working together in an online setting.



中文翻译:

社会存在:概念化和衡量

社交临场感是在线小组学习中的一个重要结构。它会影响社交互动在网上展开的方式,并影响学习和社交成果。然而,社会存在感究竟是什么一直在争论中,因为目前存在过多不同的定义和措施,阻碍了关于社会存在感及其在在线小组学习中的定义作用的连贯研究领域的发展。为了解决这个问题,我们回到了由传播研究人员 Short 等人设计的原始社会存在理论。(1976) 表明,尽管他们对社会存在有一个清晰的概念——即互动中其他人的“真实性”——但他们的定义是模棱两可的,不可操作的,而且对它的衡量是有问题的。因此,我们 理清了他们的社会存在理论,并且 (1) 重新制定了社会存在的定义,以实现与先前社会存在概念化一致的操作化;(2) 背离了社会存在的技术决定论;(3) 确定了另外两个与社会存在密切相关的结构,即社交性(作为媒介属性)和社交空间(作为群体属性)。通过重新定义社交临场感并将其与社交空间和社交能力联系起来,我们希望为更连贯的社交临场感研究做出贡献,并更好地理解人际交流、团队学习和团队在学习和工作时的动态。在线设置。

更新日期:2021-06-22
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