Allelochemicals produced by plants may be ingested by herbivorous insects and transferred to higher trophic levels with potentially deleterious effects. We develop a system of differential equations to investigate the effect of the transfer of allelochemicals, such as nicotine, on the population dynamics of a system of hosts, parasitoids, and two competing hyperparasitoids that attack different life stages of the parasitoids. We find both somewhat deleterious effects of nicotine on the larvae-attacking hyperparasitoids and increased attack rates for the pupae-attacking hyperparasitoids can promote coexistence. We also use an evolutionary game-theoretic approach to determine the optimal distribution of hyperparasitoid attacks among nicotine-producing and nicotine-free plants. With strong deleterious effects of nicotine and increased attack rates for the pupae-attacking hyperparasitoid, we find both species attack parasitoids on the nicotine-free plant but only pupae-attacking hyperparasitoids attack parasitoids on the nicotine-producing plant.

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化感物质转移对寄主、寄生物和竞争性超寄生物动态的影响

植物产生的化感物质可能被食草昆虫摄取并转移到更高的营养水平，从而产生潜在的有害影响。我们开发了一个微分方程系统来研究化感化学物质（如尼古丁）的转移对宿主、寄生蜂和攻击寄生蜂不同生命阶段的两种竞争性超寄生蜂系统的种群动态的影响。我们发现尼古丁对幼虫攻击性超寄生蜂的一些有害影响和蛹攻击超寄生蜂的增加的攻击率都可以促进共存。我们还使用进化博弈论方法来确定产生尼古丁和不含尼古丁的植物中超寄生蜂攻击的最佳分布。