The idea that individuals differ in their sensitivity to the environment's effects is a cornerstone of developmental science. It has been demonstrated repeatedly, for different kinds of stressors, outcomes, and sensitivity markers. However, almost no empirical work was done to examine whether environmental sensitivity is domain-general (i.e., the same individuals are sensitive to different environmental contexts) or domain-specific (i.e., different individuals are sensitive to different environmental contexts), despite its importance to understanding human development, learning, and behavior. To address this question, phenotypic sensitivity to parents and to peers were compared in 1313 11-year-old Israeli adolescent twins. We found that, (1) our phenotypic markers indeed moderate environmental influences, with a discriminant predictive utility, (2) adolescents who are sensitive to their parents are not necessarily sensitive to their peers, and (3) sensitivity to parents and sensitivity to peers have different etiologies and show a negative genetic correlation, indicating that adolescents carrying genetic markers for sensitivity to parents are less likely to carry genetic markers for sensitivity to peers. These findings suggest that environmental sensitivity shows domain-specific patterns, as different individuals can be sensitive to different environments. We discuss the theoretical, empirical, and practical implications of domain-specificity of environmental sensitivity.

中文翻译：

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敏感，但对哪个环境？对父母和同龄人敏感度的个体差异显示出特定领域的模式和负遗传相关性

个体对环境影响的敏感性不同的想法是发展科学的基石。对于不同类型的压力源、结果和敏感性标记，它已被反复证明。然而，尽管环境敏感性很重要，但几乎没有进行实证研究来检验环境敏感性是领域一般的（即相同的个体对不同的环境背景敏感）还是特定领域的（即不同的个体对不同的环境背景敏感）了解人类的发展、学习和行为。为了解决这个问题，我们比较了 1313 名 11 岁的以色列青少年双胞胎对父母和同龄人的表型敏感性。我们发现，（1）我们的表型标记确实缓和了环境影响，具有判别预测效用，（2）对父母敏感的青少年不一定对同龄人敏感；（3）对父母敏感和对同龄人敏感的病因不同，呈负相关的遗传相关性，说明携带父母敏感遗传标记的青少年是不太可能携带对同龄人敏感的遗传标记。这些发现表明，环境敏感性显示出特定领域的模式，因为不同的个体可能对不同的环境敏感。我们讨论了环境敏感性领域特异性的理论、经验和实践意义。表明携带对父母敏感的遗传标记的青少年不太可能携带对同龄人敏感的遗传标记。这些发现表明，环境敏感性显示出特定领域的模式，因为不同的个体可能对不同的环境敏感。我们讨论了环境敏感性领域特异性的理论、经验和实践意义。表明携带对父母敏感的遗传标记的青少年不太可能携带对同龄人敏感的遗传标记。这些发现表明，环境敏感性显示出特定领域的模式，因为不同的个体可能对不同的环境敏感。我们讨论了环境敏感性领域特异性的理论、经验和实践意义。