In this study, we use PGIS to evaluate and map stakeholders' preferences for seven Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services (MCES) in the Peniche-Nazaré region, located on the west coast of Portugal. We develop an alternative approach based on the Shannon index to identify conflict potential without questioning stakeholders directly about perceived conflicts. The Shannon index allows us to identify not only areas with highly valued ecosystem services and thus with current conflicting interests, but also areas providing several services that, although currently less valued, may hold existence, bequest, and option values that are important to consider in future decisions. Moreover, despite the increasing use of PGIS, there are still lacking benchmarks to assess PGIS positional accuracy. In this study, we also compare the spatial data collected from stakeholders on one of the services considered - Food provisioning, with spatial data on fishing areas collected from another survey of individual fishers to assess our PGIS positional accuracy. We surveyed 27 local stakeholders representing a wide range of interests. Our results show that stakeholders value more Food provisioning and Leisure and recreation and that the places perceived more relevant for Food provisioning by the interviewed stakeholders coincide with those places that are used by fishers, showing positional accuracy for this service. The Shannon index's application proved useful in indirectly identifying conflict potential that is of utmost importance for Marine Spatial Planning. By anticipating potential conflicts, policymakers may be willing to limit the use of maritime space for particular activities.

在本研究中，我们使用 PGIS 来评估和绘制利益相关者对位于葡萄牙西海岸佩尼切-纳扎雷地区的七项海洋和沿海生态系统服务 (MCES) 的偏好。我们开发了一种基于香农指数的替代方法来识别潜在的冲突，而无需直接询问利益相关者感知到的冲突。香农指数不仅使我们能够确定具有高价值生态系统服务并因此存在当前利益冲突的区域，而且还能够确定提供多种服务的区域，这些服务虽然目前价值较低，但可能具有重要的存在价值、遗产价值和选择价值，这些价值在未来的决定。此外，尽管 PGIS 的使用越来越多，但仍然缺乏评估 PGIS 位置精度的基准。在这项研究中，食物供应，通过对个体渔民的另一项调查收集的捕鱼区空间数据来评估我们的 PGIS 位置准确性。我们调查了 27 位代表广泛利益的当地利益相关者。我们的结果表明，利益相关者更重视食品供应和休闲娱乐，并且人们认为这些地方与食品供应更相关受访的利益相关者与渔民使用的那些地方重合，显示了这项服务的位置准确性。事实证明，香农指数的应用有助于间接识别对海洋空间规划至关重要的潜在冲突。通过预测潜在的冲突，决策者可能愿意限制海洋空间用于特定活动。