This paper proposes a bi-level optimal integration scheme for buildings’ space heating loads in the integrated community energy system (ICES). The optimal integration scheme consists of an efficient energy management method and a heating pricing method for the ICES with buildings. At the upper level, the ICES operator optimizes the schedules of energy generation and supply, and the heating prices to buildings to maximize its profit. At the lower level, consumers in buildings optimize the water flow rates in the radiators to minimize their heating costs. The thermal dynamics of the building with controllable indoor radiators is modeled using the model of Resistor-Capacitor thermal network. Moreover, the model predictive control (MPC) is integrated with the bi-level optimization to achieve economic and reliable scheduling of the ICES and buildings in the presence of uncertainties. The bi-level MPC optimization is reformulated as an MPC based mixed-integer linear program using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions and several linearization techniques. Numerical studies show that the bi-level MPC method can obtain a balanced scheduling scheme between the energy costs of consumers in buildings and the ICES operator's profits. The MPC method can ensure higher profits of the ICES operator and simultaneously, lower energy costs of consumers in buildings.

中文翻译：

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综合供热/电力社区能源系统中建筑热负荷的优化整合：双层 MPC 方法

本文提出了综合社区能源系统（ICES）中建筑物空间采暖负荷的双层优化集成方案。最优集成方案包括有效的能源管理方法和 ICES 与建筑物的供热定价方法。在上层，ICES 运营商优化能源生产和供应的时间表，以及建筑物的供暖价格，以实现利润最大化。在较低级别，建筑物中的消费者会优化散热器中的水流量，以最大限度地降低供暖成本。使用电阻-电容热网络模型对具有可控室内散热器的建筑物的热动力学进行建模。而且，模型预测控制（MPC）与双层优化相结合，在存在不确定性的情况下实现ICES和建筑物的经济可靠调度。使用 Karush-Kuhn-Tucker 最优条件和几种线性化技术，将双层 MPC 优化重新表述为基于 MPC 的混合整数线性程序。数值研究表明，双层MPC方法可以在建筑物消费者的能源成本和ICES运营商的利润之间获得平衡的调度方案。MPC 方法可以确保 ICES 运营商获得更高的利润，同时降低建筑物中消费者的能源成本。使用 Karush-Kuhn-Tucker 最优条件和几种线性化技术，将双层 MPC 优化重新表述为基于 MPC 的混合整数线性程序。数值研究表明，双层MPC方法可以在建筑物消费者的能源成本和ICES运营商的利润之间获得平衡的调度方案。MPC 方法可以确保 ICES 运营商获得更高的利润，同时降低建筑物中消费者的能源成本。使用 Karush-Kuhn-Tucker 最优条件和几种线性化技术，将双层 MPC 优化重新表述为基于 MPC 的混合整数线性程序。数值研究表明，双层MPC方法可以在建筑物消费者的能源成本和ICES运营商的利润之间获得平衡的调度方案。MPC方法可以确保ICES运营商的更高利润，同时降低建筑物消费者的能源成本。