Growing evidence implicates the brain in the regulation of both immediate fuel availability (for example, circulating glucose) and long-term energy stores (that is, adipose tissue mass). Rather than viewing the adipose tissue and glucose control systems separately, we suggest that the brain systems that control them are components of a larger, highly integrated, ‘fuel homeostasis’ control system. This conceptual framework, along with new insights into the organization and function of distinct neuronal systems, provides a context within which to understand how metabolic homeostasis is achieved in both basal and postprandial states. We also review evidence that dysfunction of the central fuel homeostasis system contributes to the close association between obesity and type 2 diabetes, with the goal of identifying more effective treatment options for these common metabolic disorders.

越来越多的证据表明大脑参与调节即时燃料可用性（例如循环葡萄糖）和长期能量储存（即脂肪组织质量）。我们建议控制脂肪组织和葡萄糖控制系统的大脑系统是一个更大的、高度集成的“燃料稳态”控制系统的组成部分，而不是单独观察脂肪组织和葡萄糖控制系统。这一概念框架以及对不同神经元系统的组织和功能的新见解，为理解基础状态和餐后状态如何实现代谢稳态提供了背景。我们还回顾了中央燃料稳态系统功能障碍导致肥胖与 2 型糖尿病之间密切相关的证据，