Pediculosis capitis is an ectoparasitosis in which Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) infest the human scalp. Infestation is confirmed by the presence of adults, nymphs, or viable eggs (nits). The unhatched eggs of head louse is occupied with an embryo, brownish, and has ovoid construction with a curved end. Nit can be misdiagnosed with hair cast, which are thin, amorphous, extended, whitish cylindrical structure, and freely moveable along the hair shaft. It is very important to correctly differentiate pediculosis from hair cast to avoid anxiety and unnecessary treatment. The purpose of this study is to describe three hair cast and seven pediculosis cases in Dezful health center, southwest Iran. This is a study of ten cases reported in our laboratory in 2017. For each case, microscopic and entomological examination of the hairs were performed. The patients were ten women including eight children and two adults. Clinical signs included itching and skin color changes in all the cases. Microscopic examination showed nits anchored to the hair in seven cases. In the other three cases, the initial diagnosis was confirmed to be hair cast. In all pediculosis cases, the diagnosis of cases was confirmed by entomological examination of hairs, which revealed the presence of nit forms of P. humanus capitis. Differentiation of pediculosis from hair cast can avoid apprehension and pointless treatment.

头虱病是一种体外寄生虫病，其中头虱（Phthiraptera：Anoplura）侵扰人类头皮。成虫、若虫或有活力的卵（虱卵）的存在证实了侵染。头虱未孵化的卵被胚胎占据，呈褐色，呈卵形结构，末端弯曲。Nit 可被误诊为毛型，毛型为薄的、无定形的、延伸的、发白的圆柱形结构，可沿毛干自由移动。正确区分虱子病和脱发是非常重要的，以避免焦虑和不必要的治疗。本研究的目的是描述伊朗西南部 Dezful 健康中心的 3 例脱发和 7 例虱病。这是我们实验室 2017 年报告的十个病例的研究。对于每个病例，都对毛发进行了显微镜和昆虫学检查。患者是十名妇女，包括八名儿童和两名成人。所有病例的临床症状包括瘙痒和皮肤颜色变化。显微镜检查显示，在 7 个病例中，虱子固定在头发上。在其他三个病例中，初步诊断被确认为脱发。在所有虱病病例中，病例的诊断均通过毛发的昆虫学检查得到证实，这表明存在 nit 形式的P. 人类头颅。将虱病与脱发相鉴别，可以避免忧虑和无意义的治疗。