Excessive intake of fluoride can lead to a series of fluorosis-based diseases, and how to remove the excess fluoride from water is an urgent issue worldwide. Among various defluoridation methods, adsorption is a well-studied and widely used technology due to its simple design, convenient operation and low cost. In this review, we comprehensively summarized and evaluated different kinds of defluoridation adsorbents developed in the last decade, including adsorbents derived from natural minerals, industrial wastes and biomass, metal oxide and hydroxide adsorbents, and carbon-based adsorbents. The preparation methods of adsorbents and the strategies to enhance their defluoridation performance are highlighted. It is found that regulating and controlling the crystalline phases, microstructures and active sites and incorporating other materials to form composites are effective methods to enhance the defluoridation performances of adsorbents. The water quality after defluoridation and related influencing factors are discussed in detail. Moreover, the fluoride removal mechanisms of different adsorbents are outlined and analyzed. Based on the review, the advantages and disadvantages of different adsorbents, as well as the prospects and challenges are also discussed.

中文翻译：

---

水中除氟吸附剂综合综述：性能、水质评价及机理

过量摄入氟化物会导致一系列以氟中毒为基础的疾病，如何去除水中过量的氟化物是世界范围内亟待解决的问题。在各种脱氟方法中，吸附法设计简单、操作方便、成本低，是一种研究较多、应用广泛的技术。在这篇综述中，我们全面总结和评估了近十年来开发的不同种类的除氟吸附剂，包括来自天然矿物、工业废物和生物质的吸附剂、金属氧化物和氢氧化物吸附剂以及碳基吸附剂。重点介绍了吸附剂的制备方法和提高其脱氟性能的策略。发现调节和控制晶相，微结构和活性位点以及结合其他材料形成复合材料是提高吸附剂除氟性能的有效方法。详细讨论了除氟后的水质及相关影响因素。此外，概述和分析了不同吸附剂的除氟机制。在综述的基础上，还讨论了不同吸附剂的优缺点，以及前景和挑战。