The number of electric vehicles (EVs) and charging facilities is expected to increase significantly in the near future, further coupling the existing transportation system with the power system. This may bring new stresses and risks to such a system of systems. This paper presents a mathematical framework to analyze the resilience of an electrified road network (ERN) subject to potential failures of its supporting fast-charging stations (FCSs). Within this framework, a novel linear optimization model is proposed for the first time to solve the system optimal dynamic traffic assignment problem of ERN. The characteristics considered in the modeling framework include the location, capacity, and charging speed of FCSs, as well as the driving range, charging time, and state of charge (SoC) of EVs. The linear model is proposed based on the cell transmission model. It is used as the first-stage model to assign the traffic under normal FCS operations. A second-stage model is, then, extended to minimize the total travel time after the stochastic occurrence of FCS failures, that is, in the failure and recovery phases. Two metrics are considered to quantify the ERN performance and the impacts of FCS failures. A numerical example is studied to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed framework for analyzing ERN resilience. The results show that deploying FCSs near the highway entrances and maintaining their operation are relevant factors to enhance the system's resilience. The analysis can provide guidelines to the system operators for effective management of the ERN operation and identify resilience-critical FCSs for system resilience improvement.

中文翻译：

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受充电站故障影响的电气化道路网络的弹性评估

预计在不久的将来，电动汽车 (EV) 和充电设施的数量将显着增加，从而使现有交通系统与电力系统进一步耦合。这可能会给这样一个系统系统带来新的压力和风险。本文提出了一个数学框架来分析电气化道路网络 (ERN) 在其支持的快速充电站 (FCS) 潜在故障下的弹性。在此框架内，首次提出了一种新颖的线性优化模型来解决ERN的系统最优动态流量分配问题。建模框架中考虑的特征包括 FCS 的位置、容量和充电速度，以及 EV 的续驶里程、充电时间和充电状态 (SoC)。线性模型是在信元传输模型的基础上提出的。它被用作第一阶段模型，用于在正常 FCS 操作下分配流量。然后，扩展第二阶段模型以最小化 FCS 故障随机发生后的总行程时间，即在故障和恢复阶段。考虑两个指标来量化 ERN 性能和 FCS 故障的影响。研究了一个数值示例，以说明所提出的框架在分析 ERN 弹性方面的有用性。结果表明，在高速公路入口附近部署 FCS 并维持其运行是增强系统弹性的相关因素。