Pollination is the key process in seed production of hybrid rice; however, the low level of mechanization and the lack of pollination equipment have restricted pollination efficiency. Therefore, a mechanical impact pollinator with a power chassis, a lifting unit, and an impact device was developed for hybrid rice cross-pollination. The impact device installed with a reciprocating leading screw mechanism for power transmission was tested by simulating the impact device's movement using MATLAB software to optimize its mechanical structure. The major working parameters of the impact pollinator were optimized using an orthogonal design based on the actual planting pattern of hybrid rice. The impact height, impact frequency, and harvesting speed of the machine were designed as experimental factors, and the pollen amount was calculated as the evaluation index. The results showed that the pollen amount was significantly influenced by the harvest speed, impact frequency, and impact height, and the optimized working parameters were 0.8 m·s⁻¹, 2.5 Hz, and −20 cm accordingly. Compared with the commonly used artificial auxiliary pollination method with rope, the impact pollination machine with optimal working parameters increased the pollen quantity by 80% and the setting percentage by 36% in the verification test. This study provides a reference for the design and testing of an impact machine for hybrid rice.

授粉是杂交水稻制种的关键过程；然而，机械化程度低和授粉设备缺乏限制了授粉效率。因此，开发了一种具有动力底盘、提升装置和冲击装置的机械冲击授粉器，用于杂交水稻异花授粉。对装有往复丝杠传动机构的冲击装置进行试验，利用MATLAB软件模拟冲击装置的运动，优化其机械结构。根据杂交水稻的实际种植模式，采用正交设计优化了撞击传粉器的主要工作参数。将机器的冲击高度、冲击频率和收获速度设计为实验因素，并计算花粉量作为评价指标。结果表明，采收速度、撞击频率、撞击高度对花粉量影响显着，优化工作参数为0.8 m·s^-1、2.5 Hz 和 -20 cm 相应。与常用的绳索人工辅助授粉方法相比，优化工作参数的冲击授粉机在验证试验中花粉量提高了80%，结实率提高了36%。本研究为杂交水稻冲击机的设计与试验提供参考。