In June of 2013 an application of dinotefuran on an ornamental planting of European linden trees (Tilia cordata Mill. [Malvales: Malvalceae]) in a shopping mall parking lot in Wilsonville, Oregon provoked the largest documented pesticide kill of bumble bees in North America. Based on geographic information systems and population genetic analysis, we estimate that between 45,830 and 107,470 bumble bees originating from between 289 and 596 colonies were killed during this event. Dinotefuran is a neonicotinoid that is highly effective in exterminating and/or harming target pest insects and non-target beneficial insects. Analysis to detect the concentration of pesticides in flowers that received foliar application revealed that the minimum reported dinotefuran concentration of a sampled T. cordata flower was 7.4 ppm, or in excess of 737% above the LC50 of the beneficial pollinator, the honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 [Hymenoptera: Apidae]). Furthermore, sampled Vosnesensky bumble bees (Bombus vosnesenskii Radoskowski, 1862 [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) were found to have an average dinotefuran concentration of 0.92 ppm at the time of death, which exceeds the maximum LC50 of A. mellifera (0.884 ppm). Our study underscores the lethal impact of the neonicotinoid pesticide dinotefuran on pollinating insect populations in a suburban environment. To our knowledge, the documentation and impact of pesticide kills on wild populations of beneficial insects has not been widely reported in the scientific literature. It is likely that the vast majority of mass pesticide kills of beneficial insects across other environments go unnoticed and unreported.

中文翻译：

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新烟碱类农药导致本地大黄蜂大量死亡：美国俄勒冈州威尔逊维尔的案例研究

2013 年 6 月，在俄勒冈州威尔逊维尔的一个购物中心停车场，将呋虫胺用于观赏性种植欧洲椴树 (Tilia cordata Mill. [Malvales: Malvalceae])，引发了北美最大的有记录的杀灭大黄蜂的杀虫剂事件。根据地理信息系统和种群遗传分析，我们估计来自 289 至 596 个蜂群的 45,830 至 107,470 只大黄蜂在此事件中被杀死。呋虫胺是一种新烟碱类化合物，在消灭和/或伤害目标害虫和非目标有益昆虫方面非常有效。检测接受叶面施用的花朵中农药浓度的分析表明，采样的 T. cordata 花的最低报告的呋虫胺浓度为 7.4 ppm，或超过有益传粉媒介蜜蜂 (Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) 的 LC50 的 737%。此外，取样的 Vosnesensky 大黄蜂 (Bombus vosnesenskii Radoskowski, 1862 [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) 在死亡时被发现具有 0.92 ppm 的平均呋虫胺浓度，超过了 A. mellifera 的最大 LC50 (0.884 ppm)。我们的研究强调了新烟碱类杀虫剂呋虫胺对郊区环境中授粉昆虫种群的致命影响。据我们所知，杀虫剂杀死野生有益昆虫种群的记录和影响尚未在科学文献中广泛报道。在其他环境中，绝大多数杀虫剂对有益昆虫的大规模杀戮很可能没有引起注意和报告。