Nanostructured phenolic resin-based carbon aerogels with an extensive network structure are regarded as ideal energy storage materials for supercapacitors. However, the initial bulk form and low capacitance of previously reported porous carbon aerogels are problematic for practical use. Phenolic resin-based porous carbon spheres were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal process using ammonia, ethylenediamine or hexylenediamine as a catalyst. The porous carbon spheres were investigated by SEM, BET, XPS, etc. It was found that the number of ammonium groups, length of the alkyl chain and processing temperature play vital roles in determining the pore structure, size and uniformity of the carbon spheres. NH₄⁺ is necessary to obtain the carbon spheres and but changing the other parameters has no obvious effect on their crystal structure. The sample prepared at a hydrothermal temperature of 80 °C using ammonia as the catalyst has the highest specific capacitance of 233.8 F g⁻¹ at a current density of 1.0 A g⁻¹. It has an excellent capacitance retention of 98% after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles at 7 A g⁻¹, indicating its good cycling stability and rate capability. This result shows that a higher specific surface area, porosity and defect density are probably the crucial factors in improving the electrochemical capacitance.

具有广泛网络结构的纳米结构酚醛树脂基碳气凝胶被认为是超级电容器的理想储能材料。然而，先前报道的多孔碳气凝胶的初始体积和低电容在实际应用中存在问题。以氨、乙二胺或己二胺为催化剂，通过简单的水热法合成酚醛树脂基多孔碳球。通过SEM、BET、XPS等对多孔碳球进行了研究。发现铵基的数量、烷基链的长度和加工温度在决定碳球的孔结构、尺寸和均匀性方面起着至关重要的作用。NH ₄ ⁺需要获得碳球，但改变其他参数对其晶体结构没有明显影响。使用氨作为催化剂在80°C 的水热温度下制备的样品在1.0 A g ^-1的电流密度下具有233.8 F g ^-1的最高比电容。它在 7 A g ^{-1 下}进行 10,000 次充电/放电循环后具有 98% 的优异电容保持率，表明其良好的循环稳定性和倍率性能。该结果表明较高的比表面积、孔隙率和缺陷密度可能是提高电化学电容的关键因素。