Purpose

Do apparatuses and eyestrain have effects on learning performances and quality of experience? Materials and Methods: 42 participants played a serious game simulating a job interview with a Samsung Gear VR Head-Mounted Display (HMD) or a computer screen. Participants were randomly assigned to 3 groups: PC, HMD biocular, and HMD stereoscopy (S3D). Participants played the game thrice. Eyestrain was assessed pre- and post-exposure with six optometric measures. Learning performances were obtained in-game. Quality of experience was measured with questionnaires. Results: eyestrain was higher with HMDs than PC based on Punctum Proximum of accommodation but similar between biocular and S3D. Knowledge gain and retention were similar with HMDs and PC based on scores and response time. All groups improved response time but without statistically significant differences between HMDs and PC. Visual discomfort difference was statistically significant between PC and HMDs (biocular and S3D). Flow difference was statistically significant between PC and HMDs (biocular and S3D), with the PC group reporting higher Flow than HMD-S3D. Conclusion: short-term learning is similar between PC and HMDs. Groups initially using HMDs continued improving during long-term learning but without statistically significant difference compared to PC. Eyestrain and visual discomfort were higher with HMDs than PC. Flow was higher with the PC group. Our results show that eyestrain does not seem to decrease learning.

中文翻译：

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虚拟现实中严肃游戏面试的短期和长期学习：眼睛疲劳、立体视觉和仪器的影响

目的

设备和眼睛疲劳对学习成绩和体验质量有影响吗？材料和方法：42 名参与者使用三星 Gear VR 头戴式显示器 (HMD) 或电脑屏幕玩模拟求职面试的严肃游戏。参与者被随机分配到 3 组：PC、HMD 生物和 HMD 立体视 (S3D)。参与者玩了三次游戏。使用六种验光措施评估暴露前和暴露后的眼睛疲劳。学习表现是在游戏中获得的。体验质量是通过问卷来衡量的。结果：HMD 的眼睛疲劳比基于 Punctum Proximum 调节的 PC 更高，但在 biocular 和 S3D 之间相似。基于分数和响应时间，HMD 和 PC 的知识获取和保留相似。所有组都改善了响应时间，但 HMD 和 PC 之间没有统计学上的显着差异。PC 和 HMD（双目和 S3D）之间的视觉不适差异具有统计学意义。PC 和 HMD（双目和 S3D）之间的流量差异具有统计学意义，PC 组报告的流量高于 HMD-S3D。结论：PC 和 HMD 的短期学习相似。最初使用 HMD 的组在长期学习期间继续改进，但与 PC 相比没有统计学上的显着差异。与 PC 相比，HMD 的眼睛疲劳和视觉不适感更高。PC组的流量更高。我们的结果表明，眼睛疲劳似乎不会减少学习。PC 和 HMD（双目和 S3D）之间的流量差异具有统计学意义，PC 组报告的流量高于 HMD-S3D。结论：PC 和 HMD 的短期学习相似。最初使用 HMD 的组在长期学习期间继续改进，但与 PC 相比没有统计学上的显着差异。与 PC 相比，HMD 的眼睛疲劳和视觉不适感更高。PC组的流量更高。我们的结果表明，眼睛疲劳似乎不会减少学习。PC 和 HMD（双目和 S3D）之间的流量差异具有统计学意义，PC 组报告的流量高于 HMD-S3D。结论：PC 和 HMD 的短期学习相似。最初使用 HMD 的组在长期学习期间继续改进，但与 PC 相比没有统计学显着差异。与 PC 相比，HMD 的眼睛疲劳和视觉不适感更高。PC组的流量更高。我们的结果表明，眼睛疲劳似乎并没有减少学习。与 PC 相比，HMD 的眼睛疲劳和视觉不适感更高。PC组的流量更高。我们的结果表明，眼睛疲劳似乎不会减少学习。与 PC 相比，HMD 的眼睛疲劳和视觉不适感更高。PC组的流量更高。我们的结果表明，眼睛疲劳似乎不会减少学习。