Multiple factors including habitat loss, pollutants, invasive species, and disease have contributed to the global decline of amphibians, and further declines can be expected as a result of climate change. Warming temperatures may allow for range expansion of invasive plants, and because herbicides are the primary method to control invasive plants, chemical use may increase. A laboratory experiment was performed to examine the individual and combined effects of leachates from the invasive plant European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica, L.) and a triclopyr herbicide (Renovate® 3; 0.21 mg/L), which is commonly used to manage R. cathartica, on northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens, Schreber) tadpoles at 2 temperature regimes (20 and 25 °C). We measured tadpole growth weekly and body and intestine morphology at the conclusion of the experiment after 8 wk. In the presence of R. cathartica leachates, tadpole growth increased at 25 °C, but only during the first 3 to 4 wk of the experiment. From week 5 until the end of the experiment, tadpoles were significantly smaller at 25 °C compared with 20 °C, but had more developed limb buds at the end of the experiment (except in the triclopyr treatment). Triclopyr had minimal effects on tadpole growth at the low dose used in this study. These results encourage further examination of potential effects of global climate changes in combination with other environmental factors that may impact amphibian populations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2547–2558. © 2021 SETAC

中文翻译：

---

暴露于入侵植物欧洲沙棘（Rhamnus cathartica）和绿草定除草剂的渗滤液中，温度升高会影响琵琶石蝌蚪的生长和发育

包括栖息地丧失、污染物、入侵物种和疾病在内的多种因素导致全球两栖动物数量减少，预计气候变化会进一步减少。温度升高可能会扩大入侵植物的范围，并且由于除草剂是控制入侵植物的主要方法，因此化学品的使用可能会增加。进行了一项实验室实验，以检查来自入侵植物欧洲沙棘 ( Rhamnus cathartica , L.) 和绿草定除草剂 (Renovate® 3; 0.21 mg/L) 的浸出液的单独和综合影响，该除草剂通常用于管理沙棘。 cathartica , 在北豹蛙 ( Lithobates pipiens, Schreber) 蝌蚪在 2 个温度范围内（20 和 25 °C）。我们在 8 周后的实验结束时每周测量蝌蚪生长和身体和肠道形态。在存在R. cathartica渗滤液的情况下，蝌蚪生长在 25°C 时增加，但仅在实验的前 3 至 4 周期间。从第 5 周到实验结束，蝌蚪在 25°C 时明显小于 20°C，但在实验结束时有更发达的肢芽（绿草定处理除外）。在本研究中使用的低剂量下，绿草定对蝌蚪生长的影响很小。这些结果鼓励进一步研究全球气候变化的潜在影响以及可能影响两栖动物种群的其他环境因素。环境毒物化学2021；40:2547–2558。© 2021 SETAC