Abstract

South America began the twenty-first century amidst a generalized crisis. In the beginning of the 2000s, people’s response to this crisis led to an upsurge of progressive governments, known as the Pink Tide, that with different timing, improved the living conditions for most of its inhabitants, especially for the poor. Although differences between each country’s processes were significant, this progressive wave had many common aspects, and most of the political leaders consciously emphasized this affinity. Favorable international conditions helped this wave to gather momentum, but the improvements cannot be reduced to a mechanical rebound of these circumstances over and inside each country. This advantageous situation began to be reversed by the economic crisis at the beginning of the 2010s, when most of the popular governments failed to find adequate answers. The progressive governments, caught in their own limits, began to be considered responsible for the economic downturn by many of their former supporters. Karl Polanyi’s double movement is crucial to explain both the progressive move of the 2000s, as well as its reversal in the 2010s. Despite the mid-2010s weakening of the Pink Tide, signs of another Polanyian reaction open the third decade of the century.

摘要

南美洲在普遍危机中开始了二十一世纪。在 2000 年代初，人们对这场危机的反应导致了进步政府的兴起，被称为粉红潮，它们在不同的时间改善了大多数居民的生活条件，尤其是穷人的生活条件。虽然每个国家的进程差异很大，但这种进步浪潮有许多共同点，大多数政治领导人有意识地强调了这种亲和力。有利的国际条件帮助这一浪潮蓄势待发，但改善不能减少为这些情况在每个国家内外的机械反弹。2010年代初的经济危机开始扭转这种有利局面，当大多数民众政府未能找到足够的答案时。进步的政府陷入了自己的局限，开始被许多以前的支持者认为是经济衰退的罪魁祸首。Karl Polanyi 的双重运动对于解释 2000 年代的进步运动以及它在 2010 年代的逆转至关重要。尽管粉红潮在 2010 年代中期减弱，但本世纪第三个十年开始出现另一种波兰式反应的迹象。