Abstract: We address an apparent paradox that the market shares of four ENERGY STAR appliances in the United States do not respond to within-state changes in electricity prices. We resolve the paradox by showing that market shares do respond to between-state variation in electricity prices. We also suggest an economic explanation for the paradox through the timing of appliance purchases. Using the estimation results, we find that the four ENERGY STAR appliances reduce carbon emissions by 1.9 million megawatt-hours per year, equivalent to removing 0.1% of all U.S. vehicles, and that the addition of a $100/ton CO2 price would increase these figures to 2.1 million megawatt-hours and 0.11%.

中文翻译：

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能源之星家电市场份额：它们对电价有反应吗？它重要吗？

摘要：我们解决了一个明显的悖论，即美国四款能源之星电器的市场份额不会对州内电价的变化做出反应。我们通过显示市场份额确实对电价的州间变化做出反应来解决这个悖论。我们还建议通过家电购买时间对这一悖论进行经济解释。使用估算结果，我们发现四台能源之星设备每年减少 190 万兆瓦时的碳排放量，相当于减少了美国所有车辆的 0.1%，加上 100 美元/吨的二氧化碳价格会增加这些数字到 210 万兆瓦时和 0.11%。