Women who have experienced more physical and psychological violence are at a higher risk of stress and depression and cannot develop a relationship with their fetuses. The present study aimed to compare maternal–fetal attachment (MFA) and domestic violence (DV) against Iranian pregnant women (IPW) and Afghan pregnant women (APW). This cross-sectional study was conducted on IPW and APW referred to Kerman health care facilities in 2019. The multistage, cluster-stratified sampling method was used and 300 questionnaires were distributed, of which 12 incomplete questionnaires were excluded. A total of 146 IPW and 142 APW completed the study. Data collection tools were the demographic and clinical information questionnaire, maternal–fetal attachment scale, and domestic violence questionnaire. Results showed that the mean scores of MFA in IPW and APW were 92.87 ± 12.55 and 103.6 ± 19.65, respectively. In addition, the mean scores of DV in IPW and APW were 9.63 ± 8.13 and 10.51 ± 9.1, respectively. A significant reverse correlation was found between the MFA and DV variables in IPW (r = −0.18, p < 0.05) and APW (r = −0.14, p < 0.05). A significant difference was found between the MFA and job status, as well as between DV and husband's addiction, in IPW. In addition, a significant difference was observed between MFA and unplanned pregnancy as well as between DV, unplanned pregnancy, history of physical illness, housing status, fetal gender, and number of children in APW. Multiple regression models showed that among DV components, verbal violence had more significant correlation with MFA in IPW and sexual violence had more significant correlation with MFA in APW. This study examined the MFA and DV against IPW and APW. Results suggest that national and local policies in Iran should examine factors contributing to DV against IPW and APW and focus on how to reduce the impact of DV on MFA.

中文翻译：

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针对伊朗和阿富汗孕妇的母胎依恋和家庭暴力：一项跨文化研究

遭受更多身体和心理暴力的妇女面临更高的压力和抑郁风险，无法与胎儿建立关系。本研究旨在比较针对伊朗孕妇 (IPW) 和阿富汗孕妇 (APW) 的母胎依恋 (MFA) 和家庭暴力 (DV)。本研究对2019年转介到克尔曼医疗机构的IPW和APW进行横断面研究，采用多阶段整群分层抽样方法，发放问卷300份，剔除不完整问卷12份。共有 146 个 IPW 和 142 个 APW 完成了研究。数据收集工具包括人口统计学和临床​​信息问卷、母胎依恋量表和家庭暴力问卷。结果表明，IPW和APW的MFA平均得分分别为92.87±12.55和103.6±19.65。此外，IPW 和 APW 中 DV 的平均得分分别为 9.63 ± 8.13 和 10.51 ± 9.1。在 IPW 中发现 MFA 和 DV 变量之间存在显着的反向相关性（r  = -0.18, p  < 0.05) 和 APW ( r  = -0.14, p < 0.05)。在 IPW 中，MFA 和工作状态之间，以及 DV 和丈夫的成瘾之间存在显着差异。此外，观察到 MFA 和意外怀孕之间以及 DV、意外怀孕、身体疾病史、住房状况、胎儿性别和 APW 儿童数量之间存在显着差异。多元回归模型显示，在DV成分中，IPW中言语暴力与MFA的相关性更显着，APW中性暴力与MFA的相关性更显着。本研究检查了 MFA 和 DV 对 IPW 和 APW 的影响。结果表明，伊朗的国家和地方政策应研究导致 DV 对抗 IPW 和 APW 的因素，并关注如何减少 DV 对 MFA 的影响。