Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) regulate immunity and cell death. In Arabidopsis, a subfamily of “helper” NLRs is required by many “sensor” NLRs. Active NRG1.1 oligomerized, was enriched in plasma membrane puncta, and conferred cytoplasmic calcium ion (Ca²⁺) influx in plant and human cells. NRG1.1-dependent Ca²⁺ influx and cell death were sensitive to Ca²⁺ channel blockers and were suppressed by mutations affecting oligomerization or plasma membrane enrichment. Ca²⁺ influx and cell death mediated by NRG1.1 and ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (ADR1), another helper NLR, required conserved negatively charged N-terminal residues. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings demonstrated that Arabidopsis helper NLRs form Ca²⁺-permeable cation channels to directly regulate cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ levels and consequent cell death. Thus, helper NLRs transduce cell death signals directly.

植物核苷酸结合富含亮氨酸的重复受体 (NLR) 调节免疫和细胞死亡。在拟南芥中，许多“传感器”NLR 需要“辅助”NLR 亚家族。活性NRG1.1寡聚化，在质膜斑点中富集，并在植物和人类细胞中赋予细胞质钙离子（Ca ^{2+ ）流入。}NRG1.1 依赖性 Ca ^{2+流入和细胞死亡对 Ca 2+}通道阻滞剂敏感，并受到影响寡聚化或质膜富集的突变的抑制。由 NRG1.1 和激活的疾病抵抗 1 (ADR1)（另一种辅助 NLR）介导的Ca ²⁺流入和细胞死亡需要保守的带负电荷的 N 端残基。全细胞电压钳记录表明，拟南芥辅助 NLR 形成 Ca ²⁺可渗透的阳离子通道，直接调节细胞质 Ca ²⁺水平和随后的细胞死亡。因此，辅助 NLR 直接转导细胞死亡信号。