Changes in temperature and precipitation affect tree growth. Height-diameter (h-d) models that include stand characteristics and climatic factors effectively predict tree height. We assessed 3,425 pine trees in Zambia (P. merkusii and P. michoacana) to (i) test the effectiveness of the existing general h-d model on these species; (ii) develop mixed-effect h-d allometric models that provide the best fit; and (iii) assess the effect of stand characteristics and climate on the predictive ability of the h-d models. The existing h-d model for pine significantly (p < 0.001) over-estimated height for P. merkusii (i.e., 20.5 m vs. 19.2 m) and P. michoacana (i.e., 22.2 m vs. 20.4 m). After incorporating random effects, the newly developed h-d models based on the mixed-effect modeling framework exhibited a high precision and accuracy in estimating height from diameter for P. merkusii and P. michoacana. A single and species-specific h-d models developed in the present study are recommended for inventory applications in Zambia. The temperature, dominant height, and basal area in large trees modulate the height to diameter relationship in P. merkusii and P. michoacana. This finding implies that the increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation beyond the optimum for these species will implicitly reduce tree growth and increase the rotation age.

温度和降水的变化会影响树木的生长。包含林分特征和气候因素的高度-直径 ( hd ) 模型可有效预测树木高度。我们评估了赞比亚的 3,425 棵松树（P. merkusii和P. michoacana），以 (i) 测试现有通用高清模型对这些物种的有效性；(ii) 开发提供最佳拟合的混合效应高清异速生长模型；(iii) 评估林分特征和气候对高清模型预测能力的影响。现有的松树高清模型显着 ( p  < 0.001) 高估了P. merkusii 的高度（即，20.5 m 对 19.2 m）和P. michoacana（即，22.2 m 对 20.4 m）。结合随机效应后，新开发的基于混合效应建模框架的高清模型在根据直径估计P. merkusii和P. michoacana 的高度方面表现出高精度和准确度。推荐在本研究中开发的单一物种特定高清模型用于赞比亚的清单应用。大树的温度、显性高度和基部面积调节P. merkusii和P. michoacana的高度与直径关系. 这一发现意味着，超过这些物种的最佳温度升高和降水减少将隐含地减少树木生长并增加轮作年龄。