Finland is in the centre of the Precambrian Fennoscandian shield (Fig. 1) with a geology similar to other mineral-rich shield areas of the world, such as Western Australia, South Africa and Canada, and has a long tradition in mining and related industries. Unlike many other parts of Europe, Finland currently has a large number of active metal mines and smelting capacities, and still has a major potential for new significant mineral discoveries (Weihed et al. 2005; Eilu 2012; Eilu et al. 2020). This thematic issue is another contribution to indicate the significant mineral potential of Finland and may also encourage work in other parts of Europe, which are largely (and surprisingly) under-explored. The acknowledged mineral potential of the Fennoscandian shield is reflected by the fact that, for a decade, Finland’s share has been about 25% of all budgeted mineral exploration within the EU, and that of Sweden only slightly less. This figure distinctly describes how important mining and exploration companies see the Fennoscandian shield. This attractiveness is also shown by the annual reports of the Fraser Institute, where Finland has been in the global top ten countries with favourable mining jurisdiction for a decade; in 2019, Finland was seen as having the best policy climate for mining investment in the world (Stedman et al. 2020). The main targets in metal exploration and mine development projects in Finland have for a long time beenAu, Co, Cu, Ni, PGEs, and Zn. The most recent additions to the actively explored commodities include the ‘battery metals’ (e.g. Co, Li, V, Ni, Cu) and graphite. The current ore geology research in Finland is focused on the refinement of exploration models, assessments of regional mineral potential, development of new exploration tools with better capacities for vectoring towards ores, and gathering new knowledge of mineral systems (Maier 2015; Rasilainen et al. 2016; Makkonen et al. 2017; Molnár et al. 2020). As Precambrian mineral belts are the major global sources of many types of ores, the results of studies completed in Finland are also applicable to mineral exploration on other shield areas. The papers of this thematic issue present the current achievements of research on magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE, scandium bearing Fe-Ti-P, gold-rich Cu-Zn VMS, orogenic gold, and graphite deposits (Fig. 1). It is expected that the topics of this thematic issue will generate broad international interest, and it is also expected that it will further boost exploration interest in Finland. Moilanen and co-authors document magnetite and chromian magnetite compositions in several Ni-Cu-PGE deposits (overview in Maier 2015) in a range of mafic to ultramafic host rocks, and in apparently non-mineralised komatiite sequences across northern and eastern Finland. Their most significant finding is the positive correlation between the Ni content in oxide with the Ni tenor of the sulfide phase in equilibrium with magnetite, independent of whether the sulfide assemblage is magmatic or post-magmatic in origin. Another feature relevant to exploration is that the presence of nickeliferous sulfide inclusions in magnetite can be utilised as a possible vector to ore. As the oxides typically have a better survival potential in weathered and transported media, the work by Moilanen et al. also gives tools for exploration in glaciated and other terrains covered by soil, using soil geochemistry and indicator-mineral compositions. Järvinen and co-authors present a revised magmatic stratigraphy for the 2.44 Ga Näränkävaara mafic-ultramafic body, one of the layered intrusions in the northern Fennoscandian shield. These intrusions were emplaced during the Palaeoproterozoic rifting of the Archaean basement, at ca. 2.45 Ga, and host numerous reef, contact and offset-type PGE(-Ni-Cu) deposits, as well as Cr-Fe-Ti-V deposits (Iljina Editorial handling: B. Lehmann

中文翻译：

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关于芬兰经济地质研究现状的专题

芬兰位于前寒武纪芬诺斯坎迪亚地盾的中心（图 1），其地质与世界上其他富含矿物质的地盾区（如西澳大利亚、南非和加拿大）相似，在采矿和相关产业方面有着悠久的传统. 与欧洲许多其他地区不同，芬兰目前拥有大量活跃的金属矿山和冶炼能力，并且仍然具有重大的新矿产发现潜力（Weihed 等人 2005；Eilu 2012；Eilu 等人 2020）。这个主题问题是另一个贡献，表明芬兰具有巨大的矿产潜力，也可能鼓励欧洲其他地区的工作，这些地区在很大程度上（并且令人惊讶地）勘探不足。Fennoscandian 地盾的公认矿产潜力反映在以下事实中：十年来，芬兰在欧盟所有预算矿产勘探中的份额约为 25%，而瑞典的份额略低。这个数字清楚地描述了采矿和勘探公司对 Fennoscandian 盾牌的看法。弗雷泽研究所的年度报告也显示了这种吸引力，芬兰十年来一直是全球十大拥有有利采矿管辖权的国家之一；2019 年，芬兰被认为拥有世界上最好的矿业投资政策环境（Stedman 等人，2020 年）。长期以来，芬兰金属勘探和矿产开发项目的主要目标是金、钴、铜、镍、铂族元素和锌。最近添加到积极探索的商品包括“电池金属”（例如 Co、Li、V、Ni、Cu）和石墨。芬兰当前的矿石地质研究侧重于勘探模型的完善、区域矿产潜力的评估、开发具有更好的矿石导向能力的新勘探工具以及收集矿物系统的新知识（Maier 2015；Rasilainen 等。 2016；Makkonen 等人，2017 年；Molnár 等人，2020 年）。由于前寒武纪矿带是全球多种矿石的主要来源，芬兰完成的研究结果也适用于其他地盾区的矿产勘探。本专题论文介绍了岩浆Ni-Cu-PGE、含钪Fe-Ti-P、富金Cu-Zn VMS、造山金和石墨矿床的研究成果（图1）。预计这一专题议题将引起广泛的国际兴趣，预计还将进一步提高芬兰的勘探兴趣。Moilanen 和合著者记录了几个 Ni-Cu-PGE 矿床（Maier 2015 概述）中的磁铁矿和铬铁矿成分，这些矿床位于一系列基性到超基性主岩中，以及芬兰北部和东部明显未矿化的科马提岩层序中。他们最重要的发现是氧化物中的 Ni 含量与与磁铁矿平衡的硫化物相的 Ni 含量呈正相关，而与硫化物组合是岩浆成因还是后岩浆成因无关。与勘探相关的另一个特征是，磁铁矿中含镍硫化物包裹体的存在可用作矿石的可能载体。由于氧化物通常在风化和运输介质中具有更好的生存潜力，Moilanen 等人的工作。还提供了使用土壤地球化学和指示剂矿物成分在冰川和其他土壤覆盖的地形中进行勘探的工具。Järvinen 和合著者提出了 2.44 Ga Näränkävaara 镁铁-超镁铁体的修订岩浆地层学，该体是芬诺斯坎迪亚地盾北部的层状侵入体之一。这些侵入体是在太古代基底的古元古代裂谷期间形成的，大约在 2.45 Ga，并拥有大量礁石、接触和偏移型 PGE(-Ni-Cu) 矿床，以及 Cr-Fe-Ti-V 矿床（Iljina 编辑处理：B. Lehmann 44 Ga Näränkävaara 镁铁-超镁铁体，芬诺斯坎迪亚地盾北部的层状侵入体之一。这些侵入体是在太古代基底的古元古代裂谷期间形成的，大约在 2.45 Ga，并拥有大量礁石、接触和偏移型 PGE(-Ni-Cu) 矿床，以及 Cr-Fe-Ti-V 矿床（Iljina 编辑处理：B. Lehmann 44 Ga Näränkävaara 镁铁-超镁铁体，芬诺斯坎迪亚地盾北部的层状侵入体之一。这些侵入体是在太古代基底的古元古代裂谷期间形成的，大约在 2000 年。2.45 Ga，并拥有大量礁石、接触和偏移型 PGE(-Ni-Cu) 矿床，以及 Cr-Fe-Ti-V 矿床（Iljina 编辑处理：B. Lehmann