Glyphosate, a common herbicide widely used all over the world, can reach the aquatic environment and adversely affect their living organisms. The current study was designed to investigate the possible ameliorating effect of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) against glyphosate exposure in Nile tilapia. The fish in this study were assigned into six groups: Control group, Fennel 1 group and Fennel 2 group: fed on 1 and 2 ml/kg diet, respectively, Glyphosate group: exposed to 1.2 ± 0.05 mg/L glyphosate in water, Glyphosate + Fennel 1 group and Glyphosate + Fennel 2 group: exposed to glyphosate and fed on fennel supplemented diet, all for 30 days. Blood and tissue samples were collected from all groups at the end of the experiment. The biochemical analysis of serum revealed a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities after glyphosate exposure. Moreover, a profound state of hepatic oxidative stress was observed in fish exposed to glyphosate as an increase in malondialdehyde and DNA fragmentation and a decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities. The gene expression of hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tumour necrosis factor-α–Interleukin-1β) was up-regulated in the glyphosate group. On the other hand, a diet supplemented with fennel extract reversed to a large extent the above-mentioned adverse effects of glyphosate exposure in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, we could conclude that fennel supplementation provides a natural, safe and economically available method to reverse and protect against the inevitable pesticide exposure in non-target organisms as Nile tilapia.

中文翻译：

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茴香对尼罗罗非鱼草甘膦肝毒性影响的评价：生化、分子和组织病理学研究

草甘膦是一种在世界范围内广泛使用的常见除草剂，可进入水生环境并对其生物产生不利影响。目前的研究旨在调查茴香可能的改善作用（茴香）对抗尼罗罗非鱼中的草甘膦暴露。本研究中的鱼被分为六组：对照组、茴香 1 组和茴香 2 组：分别喂食 1 和 2 毫升/公斤的饮食，草甘膦组：暴露于水中 1.2 ± 0.05 毫克/升的草甘膦、草甘膦+ 茴香 1 组和草甘膦 + 茴香 2 组：暴露于草甘膦并以补充茴香的饮食喂养，均持续 30 天。在实验结束时从所有组中收集血液和组织样品。血清生化分析显示，接触草甘膦后丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶 (AST) 和碱性磷酸酶 (ALP) 活性显着增加。而且，在暴露于草甘膦的鱼中观察到严重的肝脏氧化应激状态，因为丙二醛和 DNA 片段化增加，抗氧化酶活性降低。草甘膦组中肝脏促炎细胞因子（肿瘤坏死因子-α-白细胞介素-1β）的基因表达上调。另一方面，添加茴香提取物的饮食在很大程度上以剂量依赖性方式逆转了上述草甘膦暴露的不利影响。因此，我们可以得出结论，茴香补充剂提供了一种天然、安全且经济可行的方法来逆转和防止非目标生物（如尼罗罗非鱼）不可避免的农药暴露。草甘膦组中肝脏促炎细胞因子（肿瘤坏死因子-α-白细胞介素-1β）的基因表达上调。另一方面，添加茴香提取物的饮食在很大程度上以剂量依赖性方式逆转了上述草甘膦暴露的不利影响。因此，我们可以得出结论，茴香补充剂提供了一种天然、安全且经济可行的方法来逆转和防止非目标生物（如尼罗罗非鱼）不可避免的农药暴露。草甘膦组中肝脏促炎细胞因子（肿瘤坏死因子-α-白细胞介素-1β）的基因表达上调。另一方面，添加茴香提取物的饮食在很大程度上以剂量依赖性方式逆转了上述草甘膦暴露的不利影响。因此，我们可以得出结论，茴香补充剂提供了一种天然、安全且经济可行的方法来逆转和防止非目标生物（如尼罗罗非鱼）不可避免的农药暴露。